THE EXPRESSION OF THE EMOTIONS. 447 



nest, and a hen with her chickens when approached by a dog, feel at 

 least some terror. Mr. Tegetmeier informs me that, with game-cocks, 

 the erection of the feathers on the head has long been recognized in 

 the cockpit as a sign of cowardice." 



In his chapter on the special expressions of animals, Mr. Darwin 

 thus speaks of the monkeys : " With monkeys the expression of slight 

 pain, or of any painful emotion, such as grief, vexation, jealousy, etc., 

 is not easily distinguished from that of moderate anger; and these 

 states of mind readily and quickly pass into each other. Grief, how- 

 ever, with some species is certainly exhibited by weeping. A woman, 

 who sold a monkey to the Zoological Society, believed to have come 

 from Borneo, said that it often cried ; and Mr. Bartlett, as well as the 

 keeper, Mr. Sutton, has repeatedly seen it, when grieved, or even 

 when much pitied, weeping so copiously that the tears rolled down 

 its cheeks. There is, however, something strange about this case, for 

 two specimens subsequently kept in the Gardens, and believed to be 

 the same species, have never been seen to weep, though they were 

 carefully observed by the keeper and myself when much distressed 

 and loudly screaming. Rengger states that the eyes of the Cebus 

 azarcB fill with tears, but not sufficiently to overflow, when it is pre- 

 vented getting some much-desired object, or is much frightened. 

 Humboldt also asserts that the eyes of the Callithrix sciureus 'in- 

 stantly fill with tears when it is seized with fear ; ' but when this 

 pretty little monkey in the Zoological Gardens was teased, so as to 

 cry out loudly, this did not occur. I do not, however, wish to throw 

 the least doubt on the accuracy of Humboldt's statement. 



" The appearance of dejection in young orangs and chimpanzees, 

 when out of health, is as plain and almost as pathetic as in the case 

 of our children. This state of mind and body is shown by their listless 

 movements, fallen countenances, dull eyes, and changed complexion. 



" Baboons often show their passion and threaten their enemies in a 

 very odd manner, namely, by opening their mouths widely, as in the 

 act of yawning. Mr. Bartlett has often seen two baboons, when first 

 placed in the same compartment, sitting opposite to each other and 

 thus alternately opening their mouths ; and this action seems fre- 

 quently to end in a real yawn. Mr. Bartlett believes that each ani- 

 mal wishes to show to the other that he is provided with a formi- 

 dable set of teeth, as is undoubtedly the case. As I could hardly 

 credit the reality of this yawning gesture, Mr. Bartlett insulted an old 

 baboon and put him into a violent passion ; and he almost immediately 

 thus acted. Some species of Macacus and of Cercopithecus behave in 

 the same manner. Baboons likewise show their anger, as was observed 

 by Brehm with those which he kept alive in Abyssinia, in another 

 manner, namely, by striking the ground with one hand, ' like an angry 

 man striking the table with his fist.' I have seen this movement with 

 the baboons in the Zoological Gardens ; but sometimes the action 



