564 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



speaking, experience any individual act of consciousness twice over ; 

 but as, by pulling the bell-cord to-day we can, in the language of or- 

 dinary discourse, produce the same sound we heard yesterday, so, 

 while the established connections among the nerves and nerve-centres 

 hold, we are enabled to live our experiences over again. Now, why 

 should not those modifications of brain-matter that, enduring from 

 hour to hour and from day to day, render acquisition possible, be, like 

 any other physical peculiarity, transmitted from parent to offspring ? 

 That they ai'e so transmitted is all but proved by the facts of instinct, 

 while these, in their turn, receive their only rational explanation in this 

 theory of Inherited Association. Nature. 



THE STUDY OF SOCIOLOGY. 



By HERBERT SPENCER. 



VIII. The Educational Bias. 



IT would clear up our ideas about many things, if we distinctly recog- 

 nized the truth that we have two religions. Primitive humanity 

 has but one. The humanity of the remote future will have but one. 

 The two are opposed ; and we who live midway in the course of civili- 

 zation have to believe in both. 



These two religions are adapted to two conflicting sets of social re- 

 quirements. The one set is supreme at the beginning ; the other set 

 will be supreme at the end ; and a compromise has to be maintained 

 between them during the progress from beginning to end. On the 

 one hand, there is the necessity of social self-preservation in face of 

 external enemies. On the other hand, there is the necessity of cooper- 

 ation among fellow-citizens, which can exist only in proportion as fair 

 dealing of man with man creates mutual trust. Unless the one neces- 

 sity is met, the society disappears by extinction, or by absorption into 

 some conquering society. Unless the other necessity is met, there 

 cannot be that division of labor, exchange of services ; consequent in- 

 dustrial progress and increase of numbers, by which a society is made 

 strong enough to survive. In adjustment to these two antagonist ne- 

 cessities, there grow up two antagonist codes of duty ; which severally 

 acquire supernatural sanctions. And thus we get the two coexisting 

 religions the religion of enmity and the religion of amity. 



Of course, I do not mean that these are both called religions. Here 

 I am not speaking of names ; I am speaking simply of tilings. Now- 

 adays, men do not pay the same nominal homage to the religion of 

 enmity that they do to the religion of amity the religion of amity 



