SKETCH OF PROFESSOR S. S. HALDEMAN. 395 



Viennese and strangers are most in the habit of resorting; thence bear 

 toward the north and toward the south, the Kamtnerstrasse and the 

 Porte Rouge Street, so as to form a grand artery traversing the whole 

 of the ancient city. One of the finest boulevards in the world has 

 been built on the site of the fortifications that surrounded the place in 

 the east, south, and west ; and beyond this " Ring," as well as on the 

 north side of the branch of the Danube, vast suburbs, regularly laid 

 out, extend in every direction, enlarging tenfold the surface of the 

 city. 



Sometimes circumstances prevent the development being equal in 

 every direction. The city of Antwerp, resting on the Scheldt, pre- 

 sents, with the suburbs that have recently been annexed to it, a semi- 

 circular form. Calais has only one suburb, much more populous, 

 it is true, than the city itself ; and the fortifications which separate 

 the town and its suburb are to be razed and replaced by boulevards. 

 Dismantling is not the only agency by which the aspect of cities may 

 be suddenly modified. A great fire, for example, destroyed the central 

 part of the city of Rennes in 1720, after which a new town, with high 

 houses, wide, straightened, and rectangular streets, and handsome 

 squares, was built in place of the burned one. A few old quarters, 

 which the fire had spared, formed an ugly enough inclosure for this 

 new town, which still partly exists. At the same time the suburbs have 

 stretched out along all the principal roads, and a few new quarters 

 have been built in the healthiest part of the suburban zone. At other 

 times the hand of man destroys entire quarters, to reconstruct them in 

 a more convenient and more hygienic manner. In such cases the 

 worst quarters are the first to suffer transformation, and become in 

 their turn the most elegant ones. The example set in Paris, under the 

 administration of M. Haussmann, has been extensively followed in other 

 cities in France and abroad. The construction of new basins in sea- 

 ports also frequently leads to radical modifications of the aspect of the 

 towns and in the grouping of their streets. TTe are evidently very far 

 from exhausting the questions that grow out of the subject ; but we 

 hope we have succeeded in showing how complex and interesting they 

 are, and how imperfect is the plan of those cities that are laid out in a 

 net-work of rectangular streets. Translated from the Revue Scien- 

 tifique. 



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SKETCH OF PROFESSOR S. S. HALDEMAN. 



THE career of Professor Haldeman illustrates how a student, who 

 has his heart in his work, may excel as a specialist in more than 

 one branch of science ; and shows how the enthusiastic investigator, 

 seeking light from all sides on the point he has under investigation, 



