ELECTRIC AND GAS ILLUMINATION. 579 



This shows the time of greatest consumption to be between the 

 hours of five and six, and the demand as high as twenty per cent of 

 the entire daily make. In the case of the plant under consideration, 

 the maximum number of burners that will have to be maintained at 

 any one time is therefore 40,000. 



Before proceeding to estimate the cost of the plant to generate and 

 distribute electricity sufficient to maintain this number of burners, a 

 few words descriptive of Mr. Edison's system will be desirable, espe- 

 cially as there appears to be considerable misapprehension on the sub- 

 ject. The distribution is what is known as in multiple arc that is, 

 the lamps are placed upon cross-wires between the conductors. Imag- 

 ine a ladder erected upon an ordinary railway, so that it stands across 

 the track, each foot resting upon one of the rails. Then these rails 

 will represent the outgoing and returning street-conductors ; the side- 

 bars of the ladder, the house-conductors ; and each rung, a lamp. The 

 dynamo-machines generating the current are arranged in exactly the 

 same way with regard to the circuit, all the positive poles being 

 joined to one main conductor, and all the negative ones to the other. 

 The arrangement is what is known, in the case of electric batteries, as 

 coupling for quantity, as opposed to coupling for intensity, and is 

 similar, to that of a number of pumps discharging water into a common 

 main. This disposition of the electric-producing apparatus has the im- 

 portant advantage that the reserve plant, to meet contingencies, needs 

 to be but a fraction of the total one ; while, if each machine supplied 

 an independent circuit, the plant would have to be in duplicate. As 

 is well known, the steam-engines driving the dynamos are coupled 

 directly to the machines, without the intervention of belts or gearing, 

 the combination being termed the steam-dynamo. 



The street-mains consist of wrought-iron tubes about two inches 

 in diameter, containing two half-round copper rods imbedded in an 

 insulating resinous cement. A main of this kind is carried continu- 

 ously around each city block. At the intersections of the streets the 

 conductors are brought together and joined to a main somewhat larger, 

 termed a feeder, which supplies the current to these four blocks. It 

 will thus be seen that the system of mains and the mode of produc- 

 tion of the electricity are as readily capable of expansion to meet 

 increased business as in the case of gas. The mains can be tapped 

 anywhere for new consumers, and to meet this increased demand it is 

 only necessary to run a feeder to the place of enlarged consumption, 

 and increase the producing plant sufficiently. 



What, then, will be the cost of such an electric plant to do the 

 same amount of lighting as the above gas plant? If we take eight 

 sixteen-candle lamps, maintained throughout the whole system for 

 each actual horse-power applied to the dynamo-machine, engines with 

 a normal capacity of five thousand horse-power will be required to 

 sustain the maximum number of burners. This will include the re- 



