ON JUSTICE. 29 



human justice. The degree of justice and the degree of organi- 

 zation simultaneously make advances. These are shown alike by 

 the entire human race, and by its superior varieties as contrasted 

 with its inferior. 



We saw that a high species of animals is distinguished from a 

 low species in the respect that since its aggregate suffers less mor- 

 tality from destructive agencies, each of its members continues on 

 the average for a longer time subject to the normal relation be- 

 tween conduct and consequence ; and here we see that the human 

 race as a whole, far lower in its rate of mortality than nearly all 

 races of inferior kinds, usually subjects its members for much 

 longer periods to the good and evil results of well-adapted and 

 ill-adapted conduct. We also saw that as, among the higher ani- 

 mals, a greater average longevity makes it possible for individual 

 differences to show their effects for longer periods, it results that 

 the unlike fates of different individuals are to a greater extent 

 determined by that normal relation between conduct and conse- 

 quence which constitutes justice ; and we here see that in mankind 

 unlikenesses of faculty in still greater degrees, and for still longer 

 periods, work out their effects in advantaging the superior and 

 disadvantaging the inferior in the continuous play of conduct 

 and consequence. 



Similarly is it with the civilized varieties of mankind as com- 

 pared with the savage varieties. A still further diminished rate 

 of mortality implies that there is a relatively still larger propor- 

 tion, the members of which, during long lives, gain good from 

 well-adapted acts, and suffer evil from ill-adapted ones. While 

 also it is manifest that both the greater differences of longevity 

 among individuals, and the greater differences of social position, 

 imply that in civilized societies more than in savage societies, dif- 

 ferences of endowment and consequent differences of conduct are 

 enabled to cause their appropriate differences of results, good or 

 evil : the justice is greater. 



More clearly in the human race than in lower races are we 

 shown that gregariousness establishes itself because it profits the 

 variety in which it arises, partly by furthering general safety and 

 partly by facilitating sustentation. And we are shown that the 

 degree of gregariousness is determined by the degree in which it 

 thus subserves the interests of the variety. For where the variety 

 is one of which the members live on wild food, they associate only 

 in small groups : game and fruits widely distributed can support 

 these only. But greater gregariousness arises where agriculture 

 makes possible the support of a large number on a small area ; 

 and where the accompanying development of industries intro- 

 duces many and various co-operations. 



