i 9 4 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



elude one another, we are prepared for framing a true conception 

 of justice. 



In other fields of thought it has fallen to niy lot to show that 

 the right view is obtained by co-ordinating the antagonist wrong 

 views. Thus, the association-theory of intellect is harmonized 

 with the transcendental theory on perceiving that when, to the 

 effects of individual experiences are added the inherited effects of 

 experiences received by all ancestors, the two views become one. 

 So, too, when the molding of feelings into harmony with require- 

 ments, generation after generation, is recognized as causing an 

 adapted moral nature, there results a reconciliation of the ex- 

 pediency-theory of morals with the intuitional theory. And here 

 we see that the like occurs with this more special component of 

 ethics now before us. 



For if each of these opposite conceptions of justice is accepted 

 as true in part, and then supplemented by the other, there results 

 that conception of justice which arises on contemplating the laws 

 of life as carried on in the social state. The equality concerns the 

 mutually-limited spheres of action which must be maintained if 

 associated men are to co-operate harmoniously. The inequality 

 concerns the results which each may achieve by carrying on his 

 actions within the implied limits. No incongruity exists when 

 the ideas of equality and inequality are applied the one to the 

 bounds and the other to the benefits. Contrariwise, the two may 

 be, and must be, simultaneously asserted. 



Other injunctions which ethics has to utter do not here concern 

 us. There are the self-imposed requirements and limitations of 

 private conduct, forming that large division of ethics treated of 

 in Part III ; and there are the demands and restraints included 

 under Negative and Positive Beneficence, to be hereafter treated 

 of, which are at once self-imposed and in a measure imposed by 

 public opinion. But here we have to do only with those claims 

 and those limits which have to be maintained as conditions to 

 harmonious co-operation, and which alone are to be enforced by 

 the society in its corporate capacity. 



Any considerable acceptance of so definite an idea of justice is 

 not to be expected. It is an idea appropriate to an ultimate state, 

 and can be but partially recognized during transitional states ; for 

 the prevailing ideas must, on the average, be congruous with ex- 

 isting institutions and activities. 



The two essentially-different types of social organization, mili- 

 tant and industrial, based respectively on status and on contract, 

 have, as we have above seen, feelings and beliefs severally ad- 

 justed to them ; and the mixed feelings and beliefs appropriate to 

 intermediate types, have continually to change according to the 



