NEW CHAPTERS IN THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE. 291 



great as he was in his own field, he was not a great geologist ; he, 

 in fact, led geology astray for many years. Moreover, he lived in 

 a time of reaction ; it was the period of the restored Bonrbons — of 

 the Yoltairean King Lonis XVIII, governing to please orthodoxy. 

 Bond's discovery was, therefore, at first opposed, then enveloped 

 in studied silence. 



Cnvier evidently thought, as Voltaire had felt under similar 

 circumstances, that " among wolves one must howl a little " ; and 

 his leading disciple, Elie de Beaumont, who succeeded him in the 

 sway over geological science in France, was even more opposed to 

 the new view than his great master had been. Bou^s discoveries 

 were, accordingly, apparently laid to rest forever.* 



In 1825 Kent's Cavern, near Torquay, was explored by the 

 Rev. Mr. McEnery, a Roman Catholic clergyman, who seems to 

 have been completely overawed by orthodox opinion in England 

 and elsewhere; for, though he found human bones and imple- 

 ments mingled with remains of extinct animals, he kept his notes 

 in manuscript, and they were only brought to light more than 

 thirty years later by Mr. Vivian. 



The coming of Charles X, the last of the French Bourbons, to 

 the throne, made the orthodox pressure even greater. It was the 

 culmination of the reactionary period — the time in France when 

 a clerical committee, sitting at the Tuileries, took such measures 

 as were necessary to hold in check all science that was not per- 

 fectly " safe " ; the time in Austria when Kaiser Franz made his 

 famous declaration to sundry professors, that what he wanted of 

 them was simply to train obedient subjects, and that those who 

 did not make this their purpose would be dismissed ; the time in 

 Germany when Nicholas of Russia and the princelings and min- 

 isters under his control, from the King of Prussia downward, put 

 forth all their might in behalf of " scriptural science " ; the time 

 in Italy when a scientific investigator, arriving at any conclusion 

 distrusted by the Church, was sure of losing his place and in dan- 

 ger of losing his liberty ; the time in England when what little 

 science was taught was held in due submission to Archdeacon 

 Paley's doctrines and the Thirty-nine Articles ; the time in the 

 United States when the first thing essential in science was, that it 

 be adjusted to the ideas of revival preachers. 



Yet men devoted to scientific truth labored on ; and in 1828 



* For the general history of early views regarding stone implements, see the first chap- 

 ters in Cartailhac, La France Prehistorique ; also Joly, L'Homme avant les Metaux ; also 

 Lyell, Lubbock, and Evans. For lightning-stones in China, see citation from a Chinese 

 encyclopaedia of 1662, in Tylor, Early History of Mankind, p. 209. On the universality of 

 this belief on the surviving use of stone implements even into civilized times, and on their 

 manufacture to-day, see ibid., chapter viii. For the treatment of Boue's discovery, see 

 especially Mortillet, Le Prehistorique, Paris, 1885, p. 11. 



