29 6 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



As a result of these discoveries and others like them, showing 

 that man was not only a contemporary with long-extinct animals 

 of past geological epochs, but that he had already developed into 

 a stage of culture above pure savagery, the tide of thought began 

 to turn. Especially was this seen in 1863, when Lyell published 

 the first edition of his Geological Evidence of the Antiquity of 

 Man; and the fact that he had so long opposed the new ideas 



re 'force to the clear and conclusive argument which led him to 

 renounce his early scientific beliefs. 



Research among the evidences of man's existence in the early 

 Quaternary, and possibly in the Tertiary period, was now pressed 

 forward along the whole line. In 1864 Gabriel Mortillet founded 

 his review devoted to this subject; and in I860 the first of a series 

 of scientific congresses devoted to such researches was held in 

 Italy. These investigations went on vigorously in all parts of 

 France and spread rapidly to other countries. The explorations 

 which Dupont began in 1861, in the caves of Belgium, gave to the 

 museum at Brussels eighty thousand flint implements, forty 

 thousand bones of animals of the Quaternary period, with a num- 

 ber of human skulls and bones found mingled with these remains. 

 From Germany, Italy, Spain, America, India, and Egypt similar 

 results were reported. 



Especially noteworthy were the further explorations of the 

 caves and drift throughout the British Islands. The discovery 

 by Colonel Wood in 1861, of flint tools in the same strata with 

 bones of the earlier forms of the rhinoceros, was but typical of 

 many. A thorough examination of the caverns of Brixham and 

 Torquay, by Pengelly and others, made it still more evident that 

 man had existed in the early Quaternary period : the existence of 

 a period before the Glacial epoch or between different glacial 

 epochs in England, when the Englishman was a savage, using 

 rude stone tools, was then fully ascertained, and, what was more 

 significant, there were clearly shown a gradation and evolution 

 even in the history of that period. It was found that this ancient 

 Stone epoch showed progress and development : in the upper lay- 

 ers of the caves, with remains of the reindeer, who, although he 

 has migrated from these regions, still exists in more northern cli- 

 mates, were found stone implements revealing some little advance 

 in civilization ; next below these, sealed up in the stalagmite, 

 came, as a rule, another layer, in which the remains of reindeer 

 were rare and those of the mammoth more frequent, the im- 

 plements found in this stratum being less skillfully made than 



produced to-day by the Eskimos and others, see Lubbock, Prehistoric Times, chapters 

 x and xiv. For very striking exhibitions of this same artistic gift in a higher field to-day 

 by descendants of the barbarian tribes of northern America, see the very remarkable 

 illustrations in Rink, Danish Greenland, London, 1877, especially those in chap. xiv. 



