NEW CHAPTERS IN THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE. 297 



those in the upper and more recent layers ; and, finally, in the 

 lowest levels, near the floors of these ancient caverns, with re- 

 mains of the cave bear and others of the most ancient extinct ani- 

 mals, were fonnd stone implements evidently of a yet ruder and 

 earlier stage of human progress. No fairly unprejudiced man 

 can visit the cave and museum at Torquay without being con- 

 vinced that there were a gradation and evolution in these begin- 

 nings of human civilization. The evidence is complete ; the 

 masses of breccia taken from the cave, with the various soils, im- 

 plements, and bones carefully kept in place, put this progress 

 beyond a doubt. 



All this indicated a great antiquity for the human race ; 

 but in it lay the germs of still another great truth, even more 

 important and more serious in its consequences to the older 

 theologic view, and this will be discussed in the following 

 chapter. 



But new evidences came in, showing a yet greater antiquity of 

 man. Remains of animals were found in connection with human 

 remains, which showed not only that man was living in times 

 more remote than the earlier of the new investigators had dared 

 dream, but that some of these early periods of his existence must 

 have been of immense length, embracing climatic changes be- 

 tokening different geological periods: for with remains of fire 

 and human implements and human bones were found not only 

 bones of the hairy mammoth and cave bear, woolly rhinoceros and 

 reindeer, which could only have been deposited there in a time of 

 arctic cold, but bones of the hyena, hippopotamus, saber-toothed 

 tiger, and the like, which could only have been deposited when 

 there was in these regions a torrid climate. The conjunction of 

 these remains clearly showed that man had lived in England 

 early enough and long enough to pass through times when there 

 was arctic cold and times when there was torrid heat ; times when 

 great glaciers stretched far down into England and indeed into 

 the continent, and times when England had a land connection 

 with the European continent, and the European continent with 

 Africa, allowing tropical animals to migrate freely from Africa 

 to the middle regions of England. 



The question of the origin of man at a period vastly earlier 

 than the sacred chronologists permitted was thus absolutely 

 settled ; but among the questions regarding the existence of man 

 at a period yet more remote, the Drift period, there was one 

 which for a time seemed to give the champions of science some 

 difficulty. The orthodox leaders in the time of Boucher de 

 Perthes, and for a considerable time afterward, had a weapon of 

 which they made good use ; the statement that no human bones 

 had yet been discovered in the drift. The supporters of science 



