NEW CHAPTERS IN THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE. 301 



gists between human skulls and bones found in different places 

 and under circumstances showing vast antiquity. 



Human bones had been found under these circumstances as 

 early as 1835 at Canstadt near Stuttgart, and in 1856 in the Nean- 

 derthal near Dusseldorf ; but in more recent searches they have 

 been discovered in a multitude of places, especially in Germany, 

 France, Belgium, England, the Caucasus, Africa, and North and 

 South America. But comparison of these bones showed that even 

 in that remote Quaternary period there were great differences of 

 race, and here again came in an argument for the yet earlier ex- 

 istence of man on the earth ; for long previous periods must have 

 been required to develop such racial differences. Considerations 

 of this kind have given a new impulse to the belief that man's ex- 

 istence dates back at least into the Tertiary period. The evidence 

 for this earlier origin of man has been ably summed up not only 

 by its brilliant advocate, Mortillet, but by a former opponent, one 

 of the most conservative of modern anthropologists, Quatref ages ; 

 and the conclusion arrived at by both is, that man did really ex- 

 ist in the Tertiary period. The acceptance of this conclusion is 

 also seen in the recent work of that most able investigator, Alfred 

 Russel Wallace, who, cautious and conservative as he is, places 

 the origin of man not only in the Tertiary period, but in an 

 earlier stage of it than most have dared assign; even in the 

 Miocene. 



The first thing raising a strong presumption, if not giving 

 proof, that man existed in the Tertiary, was the fact that from all 

 explored parts of the world came in more and more evidence that 

 in the earlier Quaternary man existed in different, strongly 

 marked races and in great numbers. From all regions which 

 geologists had explored, even from those the most distant and dif- 

 ferent from each other, came this same evidence — from northern 

 Europe to southern Africa ; from France to China ; from New 

 Jersey to British Columbia ; from British Columbia to Peru. The 

 development of man in such numbers and in so many different 

 regions, with such differences of race and at so early a period, 

 must have required a long previous time. 



This argument seemed to be strengthened by discoveries of 

 bones bearing marks apparently made by cutting instruments, 

 in the Tertiary formations of France and Italy, and by the dis- 

 coveries of what were claimed to be flint implements by the Abbe' 

 Bourgeois in France, and of implements and human bones by 

 Prof. Capellini in Italy. 



On the other hand, some of the more cautious men of science 

 are content to say that the existence of man in the Tertiary period 

 is not yet settled. As to his existence throughout the Quaternary 

 epoch no new proofs are needed. Even so determined a supporter 



