HUMAN HEREDITY. 361 



fathers of the race, having been transmitted by the law of hered- 

 ity through the successive generations to us. It matters not 

 whether the race originated in a single pair or had a multiplex 

 origin, nor are we here concerned how our progenitors came to 

 possess these qualities at all ; the fact at hand is that, once hav- 

 ing lived, they transmitted to their descendants down to us their 

 distinctive human qualities. 



The facts to which our attention has now been given are sum- 

 marized as follows : 



All the qualities of our human nature come to us by inherit- 

 ance. 



Those qualities which are strictly individual — the " skin-deep " 

 qualities — come to us from our immediate ancestors, our parents 

 and grandparents. 



Those qualities which are less specific, which we have in com- 

 mon with others who live under the same laws and institutions, 

 and generally under similar physical conditions, come to us from 

 ancestors more remote, though quite within historic time. 



Those qualities which are still more general, which we have in 

 common with others of the same general physical features, came 

 from ancestors much more remote, whose records are lost in pre- 

 historic time. 



Those qualities which are broadly anthropological, which we 

 possess in common with all members of the human family, came 

 to us from the original progenitors of the race. 



We have thus far considered only the strictly human qualities 

 of our nature. We have now to consider whether the operation 

 of the law of heredity extends also to the animal qualities. Let 

 us first notice those which man possesses in common with the 

 highest animals. They are, a vertebral column, giving form and 

 flexibility to the body ; two pairs of limbs for prehension and loco- 

 motion , mammary glands supplying food for the young ; a four- 

 chambered heart and double blood-circulation ; and, finally, a well- 

 developed nervous system, with sense-organs, placing the animal 

 in conscious relation with the external world. Does the principle 

 of heredity by which, as we have seen, all our anthropological 

 qualities have come to us, give us also these zoological qualities ? 

 The point here to be enforced is, that if the answer to this ques- 

 tion is not in the affirmative, then there is a break in that law, the 

 operation of which we have seen to extend from the most specific 

 to the most general anthropological qualities. In considering 

 whether there is such a break, the special point of inquiry is 

 whether the two classes of qualities, the anthropological and the 

 zoological, are different from each other in kind. For, if they be 

 the same in kind, the presumption is that the law operates in 

 respect to both ; in other words, that there is no break. The an- 



VOL. XXXYII. 27 



