362 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



thropological qualities are, as we have seen, partly physical — the 

 shape of the skull, the structure of the brain, the color of the skin — 

 and partly psychical, the intellectual and moral faculties. The 

 zoological qualities are also partly physical and partly psychical : 

 of the former class, the general structure of the body and the par- 

 ticular structure of organs, as the heart, lungs, glands, etc. ; of 

 the latter class, the faculties of intelligence. It appears, there- 

 fore, that the zoological qualities are the same in kind with the 

 anthropological, and the inference, therefore, is that the law of 

 heredity extends also to them. That is to say, as we proceed, step 

 by step, from the most specific to the most general qualities pe- 

 culiar to man, and then by the next step pass to those qualities 

 which we possess in common with the highest animals, we find 

 that the last term of the series is the same in kind with the oth- 

 ers, and all the reasons that lead us to conclude that the law of 

 heredity extends successively through the first terms of the series 

 lead us to conclude that it extends also to the last. 



The fact that not all the anthropological qualities have their 

 zoological prototypes does not at all affect the force of the infer- 

 ence. We may allow, for example, that the moral faculties are 

 strictly anthropological ; but this does not detract from the evi- 

 dence that the intellectual faculties came from the zoological pro- 

 totypes, any more than the fact that the Italian people have dark 

 complexions detracts from the evidence that they descended from 

 Caucasian progenitors. In other words, the possession of specific 

 qualities by a class — qualities not received by inheritance — affects 

 in no way the evidence that the general qualities of the class were 

 received by inheritance. We have recognized this principle at 

 each step in the present discussion. For example, we saw that the 

 national characteristics of a people arise from other causes than 

 inheritance, but this did not lead us to conclude that the race 

 characteristics of the same people were not inherited. In fact, 

 every person affords in his own facial features an illustration of 

 this principle. The expression of our countenances, whether in- 

 telligent or dull, cheerful or grave, etc., has been determined by 

 the circumstances of our lives — education, etc. ; but the anatomi- 

 cal features — color of eyes, shape of nose, etc. — are inherited from 

 our parents. 



Our conclusion, therefore, is that the evidences that man has 

 inherited his anthropological qualities apply equally as well to 

 his having inherited his zoological qualities. 



Below those qualities which man has in common with the 

 higher animals are others which he possesses in common with the 

 lower animals also. These are chiefly anatomical and physiologi- 

 cal in character, such as the possession of bodies whose structural 

 units consist of cells, organs which perform the functions of ali- 



