CENTERS OF IDEATION IN THE BRAIN. 515 



Let me give an example. The outward sign of a joyful emo- 

 tion is a drawing up of the corners of the mouth. The elevation 

 of the angles of the mouth is the muscular action going parallel 

 with the emotion of joy. The excitation of the nerve-center causes 

 the elevators to act. There is but one definite area from which 

 the elevator muscles can be made to act, therefore joyful emotions 

 must take their start from this center. When, then, a joyful 

 emotion excites this definite portion of gray matter, a nerve-cur- 

 rent passes to the lower center — the center for the movements of 

 the elevator muscles — and causes them to act. As the brain is a 

 very complex machine, other effects may be produced at the same 

 time, but this one has always been associated particularly with 

 exhilarating emotions. Persons of very cheerful dispositions 

 make the elevators act so frequently that the mechanism of the 

 nerve-display is facilitated by constant use, and the center will 

 easier appreciate these special impressions. The elevators will be 

 in time so accustomed to act that they will ieave impressions on 

 the face so marked to enable people to recognize, by mere physiog- 

 nomical signs, their brethren who are of such disposition. 



Now, let us see what the actual experiments were. 



Prof. Ferrier applied 

 a galvanic current to the 

 ascending frontal convo- 

 lution in monkeys on a 

 definite portion, marked 

 7 (Fig. 1), and to the 

 corresponding region in 

 dogs, jackals, and cats, 

 all with the effect of ele- 

 vating the cheeks and 

 angles of the mouth 



With Closure Of the eyes. m& I.-Diagkam. (David Ferrier.) 



On no Other region COUld ^ Center f 0r t h e movements of the elevator muscles. 



the Same be effected. < 15 ) Gustatory center. 



. . (11) Center for movements of the "platysma myoides mus- 



Darwm (Expression c ie." 



^t +1-./-. TT'-m^+T^-nci -i-k oao (5) Center for movements of the arm and raising of the 

 Ot the Emotions, p. MZ, Bh0U lder. (Patience muscles.) 



etc.), says : " Dr. Du- 



chenne repeatedly insists that under the emotion of joy the 

 mouth is acted on exclusively by the great zygomatic muscles, 

 which serve to draw the corners backward and upward. The up- 

 per and lower orbicular muscles are at the same time more or less 

 contracted. A man in high spirits, though he may not actually 

 smile, commonly exhibits some tendency to the retraction of the 

 corners of his mouth. According to Sir Charles Bell, in all the 

 exhilarating emotions the eyebrows, eyelids, the nostrils, and the 

 angles of the mouth are raised. The tendency in the zygomatic 



15 



