CENTERS OF IDEATION IN THE BRAIN. 517 



Sir Crichton-Browne tells us that, in general paralysis of the 

 insane, there is invariably optimism, beginning generally with 

 trembling at the corners of the mouth and the outer corners of 

 the eye. The old phrenologists located " hope " in this region (a, 

 Fig. 2), and there is, no doubt, a strong relation between hope 

 and optimism ; and I find, in the writings of Combe, frequent 

 allusions that this organ gave a tendency to cheerfulness. At the 

 same time I must note that Gall, the founder of phrenology, did 

 not admit " hope " as a faculty, but included this portion of brain 

 in his organ of " imitation," or " center for mimicry," of which I 

 shall speak directly. 



There are many defects in the old phrenological system ; one 

 of them being that it rather favored complex functions. But, all 

 the same, an unprejudiced investigator must take their observa- 

 tions into consideration. I need not remark that, when I refer to 

 phrenology, I mean only the observations of Gall, and not the 

 fancies and fallacies of his followers. 



This center for the elevator muscles, and probable center from 

 which exhilarating emotions take their start, is in close connec- 

 tion with Exner's center for the facial nerve. 



Ferrier's center, No. 7, is a little lower than the center for the 

 "nervus facialis" as located by Exner (Localisation der Func- 

 tionen in der Grosshirnrinde des Menschen, Wien, 1881). The 

 " nervus facialis " center occupies a very large portion of brain in 

 Exner's collection of pathological evidence. The most intense 

 centers for facial movements are localized by him in the squares 

 marked 57, 58, 65 (Fig. 3), but are said to extend actually from 

 the gyrus centralis anterior to the latter halves of the lower 

 frontal convolutions. He quotes many cases of disease of this 

 nerve, and is particularly struck with the frequency with which 

 disease of the facial nerve and aphasia concur. He says (page 

 56) it can not be mere chance that paralysis of the facialis is fre- 

 quently accompanied by aphasia and the reverse — an observation 

 which was also made by Ferrier. 



There is sufficient evidence that the center for the facial move- 

 ments occupies an area extending from the ascending frontal 

 convolution to the middle frontal convolution — a fact which was 

 noted by Gall. He located in this region the talent for mimicry, 

 the talent of imitating the gestures of other people (b, Fig. 2) ; 

 more than this, he noted that, when this region was prominently 

 developed, there was not only a talent for mimicry, but also a 

 talent for the imitation of the voice of other people, and many 

 examinations and casts of heads of eminent actors were made to 

 prove this theory. 



We have heard from Exner and Ferrier how closely the 

 speech and facial nerve centers are connected ; both in perfection 



