CENTERS OF IDEATION IN THE BRAIN. 519 



" A young idiot, whom I have long had under my eye, has the 

 most marked and irresistible inclination to imitate all that she 

 sees done in her presence ; she repeats mechanically all that she 

 hears said, and imitates with the greatest fidelity the gestures 

 and actions of others, without much regard to propriety." 



I can not go into details to-night as to the ample evidence, 

 pathological and otherwise, which the early phrenologists brought 

 forward in their time. They were only ridiculed and treated as 

 charlatans. To-day people know nothing of the old phrenology, 

 except what they hear from opponents and read in books by some, 

 phrenological dilettanti. Scientific men think Gall's theory ex- 

 ploded, because Sir William Hamilton and Flourens appeared to 

 disprove it ; but we know, since 1870, that the doctrines of these 

 two men are equally valueless, for Flourens taught that the whole 

 brain acted as an organ of the mind, and not, as we know now, 

 that special parts of the brain have separate functions ; while Sir 

 William Hamilton considered it impossible 'to form a system on 

 the supposed parallelism of brain and mind. L. Landois (Lehr- 

 buch der Physiologie) recommends a re-examination of Gall's 

 theories, and I hope to show you to-night that, whatever you 

 may think of the phrenological system, Gall's fundamental obser- 

 vations were correct. 



Ferrier's experiments on monkeys on the anterior and inner 

 aspect of the uncinate gyrus, marked 15 (Fig. 1), had the effect of 

 " torsion of the lip and semiclosure of the nostril on the same side, 

 as when the interior of the nostril is irritated by some pungent 

 odor/' He says (page 244, The Functions of the Brain, London, 

 1886) : 



" Irritation of the middle temporo-sphenoidal convolution I 

 have found in general to be without any obvious reaction except 

 toward the lower extremity, where in several instances movements 

 of the tongue, cheek-pouches, and jaws were induced very much 

 like those which are characteristic of tasting." 



The same experiment on 15, the uncinate gyrus or extremity 

 of the temporal lobe of dogs, had the result of " torsion of the 

 nostril on the same side, as if from irritation directly applied to 

 the nostril." The same effect was produced by experiments on 

 cats and other animals. He continues : 



Page 315 : " As above described, irritation of the hippocam- 

 pal lobule in the monkey, cat, dog, and rabbit was attended by 

 essentially the same reaction in all, viz., a peculiar torsion of the. 

 lip and nostril on the same side. This reaction is precisely the 

 same as is induced in these animals by the direct application of 

 some strong or disagreeable odor to the nostril, and is evidently the 

 outward or associated expression of excited olfactory sensation." 



Page 321 : " As to the sense of taste, I have not succeeded in 



