5 2o THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



differentiating any special region related to this faculty, but that 

 it is in close relation with the olfactory center is probable from 

 the facts described. It was noted in connection with electrical 

 irritation of the lower extremity of the temporo-sphenoidal con- 

 volutions in the monkey, and of the same region in the brain of 

 the cat, that movements of the lips, tongue, cheek-pouches, and 

 jaws were occasionally induced — phenomena which might be 

 regarded as indications of the excitation of gustatory sensation. 

 This interpretation receives support from the above - described 

 results of destructive lesions ; and we have, therefore, reasonable 

 grounds for concluding that the gustatory centers are situated at 

 the lower extremity of the temporo-sphenoidal lobes, in close rela- 

 tion with those of smell." 



Page 431 : " The physiological needs of the organism, in so 

 far as they induce locally discriminable sensations, express them- 

 selves subjectively as definite appetites or desires, which are the 

 conscious correlations of physiological wants. The appetite of 

 hunger is the desire to satisfy or remove a local sensation, refer- 

 able to the stomach, in which the physiological needs of the 

 stomach express themselves. The substrata of the feeling of 

 hunger and appetite for food are the stomachic branches of the 

 vagus and their cerebral centers ; and, as local conditions of the 

 stomach may destroy or increase the feeling of hunger, so central 

 disease may give rise to ravenous appetite or sitophobia, condi- 

 tions exemplified in certain forms of insanity." 



Ferrier thus proves the tip of the lower temporal convolutions 

 to be the " gustatory center " ; and even Hitzig, who is not always 

 flattering to Prof. Ferrier, delights in noting this discovery. Yet 

 I will show you immediately that this center — of which we are 

 most certain — was known and correctly localized in the same por- 

 tion of brain by the early phrenologists. 



Many men claimed the discovery of the organ called " gusta- 

 tiveness," or " alimentiveness," but the editors of the Edinburgh 

 Phrenological Journal, vol. x, page 249, give Dr. Hoppe, of 

 Copenhagen, the credit of having been the first and most acute 

 observer. 



" In December, 1823, he expresses the opinion that, besides the 

 nerves of the stomach and palate, of which alone he conceives 

 the sensations of hunger and thirst to be affections, there must be 

 also an organ in the brain of animals for the instinct of nutrition 

 for the preservation of life, which incites us to the sensual enjoy- 

 ments of the palate, and the activity of which is independent of 

 hunger and thirst." 



In a second communication to the same journal, dated 28th 

 December, 1824, he says : 



' Regarding the organ for taking nourishment, I have been led 



