522 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



A long controversy follows this paper on " alimentiveness," 

 the gustatory center, in the Phrenological Journal, and much 

 ridicule was thrown at the originators for localizing a center for 

 hunger and thirst, those affections being thought due to the 

 stomach alone. Even to-day scientific men say phrenology is ex- 

 ploded, because certain thicknesses in the skull and the various 

 muscles make it impossible to distinguish the corresponding por- 

 tions of brain ; yet it is remarkable that the organ which has 

 been ridiculed most, and which was the most difficult to observe, 

 is to-day found correct. 



If there were but two organs correctly localized by Gall, it 

 would justify a reconsideration of his work ; but there seems to be 

 a number of faculties, the localization of which has been confirmed 

 by modern experiments. Unfortunately, the later phrenologists 

 have spoiled many of Gall's original observations. I will just 

 give a few more examples, in order that my paper may receive 

 sufficient consideration, and may effect a change in your views 

 with regard to the old phrenology. 



Prof. Ferrier's experiments on "the lower extremity of the 

 ascending parietal convolution" in monkeys, marked 11 (Fig. 1), 

 resulted in " retraction of the angle of the mouth. The action is 

 that of the platysma myoides." 



Darwin (Expression of Emotions, page 298) says with regard 

 to the physical expression of " fear," and the platysma myoides 

 muscle : 



" Sir Charles Bell (Anatomy of Expression, page 168) and others 

 have stated that this muscle is strongly contracted under the in- 

 fluence of fear ; and Duchenne insists so strongly on its impor- 

 tance in the expression of this emotion that he calls it the muscle 

 of fright." 



This may perhaps suffice to show that the platysma myoides 

 muscle is called into action in the expression of fear. 



Now let me draw your attention again to the old phrenology. 

 Gall located so-called " cautiousness " in an area which covers not 

 only Ferrier's center 11, but also the angular gyrus (d, Fig. 2). 

 He found an enormous development of this region in persons 

 known for their timidity, persons known to take alarm easily, and 

 who could be easily terrified. 



As to the function of the angular gyrus, physiologists are not 

 agreed. Ferrier includes the gyrus in his center of sight. Munk 

 calls it " Seelenblindheit " — a strange name with a still stranger 



meaning. 



I will quote some passages which seem to indicate that the 

 effects produced by lesion of this region have some connection 

 with the function attributed to it by phrenologists. 



Ferrier, Philosophical Transactions, 1875, Part II, pages 445-451, 



