5 24 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



element of that faculty is I can not tell, but in its actions it is con- 

 cerned with the emotion of fear. 



Prof. Ferrier found, when experimenting on dogs and other 

 animals on a portion of brain marked 5 (Fig. 1), which corre- 

 sponds to " the ascending frontal convolution at the base of the 

 superior frontal " in the human brain, elevation of shoulder and 

 extension forward of the opposite fore-limb, or flexion of the fore- 

 arm and paw. 



Now, according to Darwin, raising of the shoulders — sometimes 

 accompanied by extension of the arms — is a sign of non-resistance. 

 He inquires, page 271 : 



" Why men in all parts of the world when they feel — whether 

 or not they wish to show this feeling — that they can not or will 

 not do something, or will not resist something if done by another, 

 shrug their shoulders, at the same time often bending in their 

 elbows, showing the palms of their hands with extended fingers, 

 often throwing their heads a little on one side, raising their eye- 

 brows, and opening their mouths." 



On page 270 he says : " Shrugging the shoulders likewise ex- 

 presses patience or the absence of any intention to resist. Hence 

 the muscles which raise the shoulders are sometimes called, as I 

 have been informed by an artist, the patience muscles." 



Mantegazza (La Physionomie et les Sentiments, page 113, etc.) 

 dwells on the importance of the movements of the arm in the act 

 of submission, devotion, and veneration. Darwin doubted whether 

 the kneeling posture, with the hands upturned and palms joined, 

 is an innate expression of devotion, but rather thought this post- 

 ure a sign of submission. Mantegazza differs from Darwin ; he 

 holds that it is from the habit we have from our childhood to join 

 our hands for prayer, that we employ the gesture when appealing 

 to human beings, who can do us either much good or great harm. 

 He thinks this gesture is innate and not acquired. He questioned 

 many artists, and gives as the result distinct rules, showing the 

 importance which the position of hand and arm play in the ex- 

 pression of veneration and devotion. 



We know, then, that the raising of the shoulders, together with 

 the bending of the arms and hands, are concerned in the physical 

 expression of submission or non-resistance. 



The old phrenologists located in this region their organ of 

 veneration " (e, Fig. 2) which is to give an impulse to devotion 

 and worship. Combe (System of Phrenology, page 212) says : 

 ' Children who are prone to rebellion, regardless of authority, and 

 little attentive to command, will generally be found to have this 

 organ deficient. Veneration leads to deference for superiors in 

 rank as well as in years, and prompts to the reverence of author- 

 ity." 



a 



