CENTERS OF IDEATION IN THE BRAIN. 525 



Large " veneration/" say the phrenologists, produces an in- 

 stinctive feeling of respect ; a defect of " veneration " has the 

 effect of diminishing the reverence for power. Dr. Spurzheim 

 called it the emotion of reverence arid respect. 



We see again the strong relation between the old phrenology 

 and the results of the experiments of modern phrenology. On the 

 one hand, I have shown you that the effect produced by Ferrier's 

 faradization is the natural language of a feeling of non-resist- 

 ance ; on the other, that observations of Gall resulted in ascrib- 

 ing to this portion of brain the seat of the emotion of respect 

 and reverence. Of course, respectful people do not resist au- 

 thority. 



Gall appears to me to have been aware of the importance that 

 the study of the physical expression of our emotions and thoughts 

 will play some day, and to have been expecting that this study of 

 the physical parallel to our mental operations will furnish new 

 evidence for his or any other system, built upon the parallelism 

 of brain and mind. He devotes a chapter to pathognomy, of which 

 the following extract may prove interesting : " This art is found- 

 ed on Nature herself ; for it is Nature that prompts all the gest- 

 ures, the attitudes, the movements, finally the whole mimicry, by 

 which men and animals express all their feelings and ideas. Pa- 

 thognomy has its fixed and immutable laws, whether we appy it 

 to man or to animals, so long as the question relates to the same 

 'feelings and the same ideas. Pathognomy is the universal lan- 

 guage of all nations and of all animals. There is no beast or 

 man who does not learn it ; there is no beast or man who does not 

 understand it. It accompanies language and strengthens its ex- 

 pressions ; it supplies the defects of articulate language. Words 

 may be ambiguous, but pathognomy never is so. What would 

 become of engraving, painting, sculpture, the comic art, eloquence, 

 poetry, if the expression of the sentiments and ideas were not sub- 

 jected to immutable laws ? What means would they have in their 

 power to paint modesty, prudence, fear, despair, baseness, joy, an- 

 ger, contempt, pride or devotion ? Where is the animal or man 

 who takes time to deliberate on the manner in which he would 

 make his feelings and his ideas understood by others ? Even at 

 the moment when the feelings and the ideas arise, they are writ- 

 ten on the exterior in characters discernible by all the world. It 

 is certain, therefore, that the feelings, ideas, affections, and pas- 

 sions are manifested by suitable expression according to determi- 

 nate and invariable laws." 



Gall noted the physical expression of our emotions, though he 

 could give us no explanation of its cause. 



With the assistance of Hitzig, Fritsch, and Ferrier's experi- 

 ments on the one hand, and Gratiolet, Piderit, Darwin, and Man- 



