526 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



tegazza's observations on the other, I have endeavored to show 

 you to night : (1) the reason why certain muscles and limbs are 

 called into action by certain feelings and emotions ; and (2) how 

 to demonstrate centers of ideation by comparing the physiologi- 

 cal experiments with pathognomy. 



My work is, however, not complete : for, first of all, I have not 

 attempted to find the elements of those faculties which I located ; 

 secondly, we must take into consideration that mind, like brain, is 

 very complicated, and, even had philosophers ever agreed as to its 

 elements, we know from experience that an emotion seldom acts 

 singly. 



Like all novelties, my paper will create some opposition, but 

 I do not fear criticism : I only ask for a re-examination of Gall's 

 work, which I believe has been rejected without due consideration. 



DISCUSSION. 



Dr. Beddoe thought that, although phrenologists had erected 

 an edifice of straw and rubbish on the foundations laid by Gall 

 and Spurzheim, these last had been men of considerable power 

 and acuteness, whose observations ought not to be neglected in 

 any new attempts at the localization of faculty. 



Dr. Ferrier remarked that, as the relations between brain and 

 mind were still in many respects very obscure, he cordially 

 welcomed any attempt to throw light on the problem. So far the 

 physiological or objective functions of certain cerebral regions 

 had been determined, but the question was, What are the correla- 

 tions between the objective and the subjective or psychological 

 aspects of these same regions ? As the brain was composed of sen- 

 sory and motor substrata, and as the brain was the organ of idea- 

 tion, therefore ideation was the functioning of centers whose ob- 

 jective functions were motor and sensory. That there was a 

 relation between the development of certain regions and certain 

 motor and sensory faculties and capacities was undoubted, and 

 was amply proved by the facts of comparative anatomy and phys- 

 iology, normal and morbid ; but whether any particular center 

 could be taken as the index of any particular intellectual faculty 

 or peculiarity was a totally different matter, for the same cen- 

 ter might be called into activity in connection with unnamable 

 mental states. Of which, then, would it be the index ? Mr. Hol- 

 lander's speculations in reference to so-called phrenological doc- 

 trines were ingenious ; but what we wanted was evidence founded 

 on careful investigation according to strictly scientific methods, 

 serving to indicate a relation between the development of partic- 

 ular centers and special mental faculties, aptitudes, or peculiari- 

 ties. At present he did not think that there was any such worthy 

 of consideration, beyond the general indications above mentioned. 



