CENTERS OF IDEATION IN THE BRAIN. 527 



But the subject was one which was worthy of careful study, and 

 a scientific phrenology might one day become possible. 



Mr. Wakefield said that, as men's minds undoubtedly differed 

 from each other in their natural characteristics, so, it might be 

 presumed, did also the physical organs through which mind mani- 

 fested itself. Was it possible to detect these differences ? Were 

 there, also, localized centers of action corresponding to certain 

 faculties or powers of the mind ? This was the problem for solu- 

 tion and demonstration. Some facts had come under his observa- 

 tion which led him to think that the solution was not hopeless ; 

 but the advance made in this department of knowledge as to the 

 true relation of mind and body was but slow and uncertain. 



Mr. G. Bertin remarked that it had been ascertained that the 

 faculty of sight was localized in a convolution of the posterior 

 part of the brain, and as we know that the faculty of speech is 

 localized in the third left frontal convolution, it would seem that 

 modern discoveries disprove the assumptions of the phrenologists. 

 One great mistake of their system is to attribute the same facul- 

 ties to the two lobes of the brain, a fact disproved by the localiza- 

 tion of the faculty of speech on the left side. Another thing lost 

 sight of is, that the examination of the head could only show the 

 development of the surface of the brain, while we have no means 

 to detect its inner development. Nor must we forget that the 

 skull does not change after a certain age, though faculties may be 

 still developing. Another mistake of phrenologists is to localize 

 faculties too much ; if phrenology is to become a science, broader 

 lines will have to be followed, and Mr. Hollander's careful re- 

 searches will do much to further this object. 



Mr. Hollander, in reply, observed that nobody disputes the fact 

 that there are brain-centers for ideation ; the question is only as 

 to their localization. But as the objective side — i. e., the physical 

 correlative of mental manifestation — has been in many cases suc- 

 cessfully established, there remains but the demonstration of the 

 subjective side. How far the speaker had succeeded in this may 

 be judged when the paper is read in type. So far he had not ex- 

 cited opposition. But now comes the coincidence that some of 

 Prof. Ferrier's researches, especially on the gustatory center, con- 

 firm the early phrenological observations long ago rejected. By 

 careful examination and a thorough study of Gall's works the 

 speaker found that there was a sound basis to his system. Gall 

 had extraordinary powers of observation, and was an expert in 

 comparative anatomy. He noticed the resemblance between the 

 skulls of murderers and the skulls of carnivorous animals ; the 

 predominance of the temporal lobe struck him, and both Prof. 

 Benedict and Lombroso — the authorities on criminal anthropology 

 — testify as to its correctness. Gall, in the same manner, noticed 



