582 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



period, but that it was of a type as low as the lowest, perhaps be- 

 low the lowest, now known. 



Research was now redoubled, and, as a result, human skulls 

 and complete skeletons of various types began to be discovered in 

 the ancient deposits of many other parts of the world, and espe- 

 cially in France, Belgium, Germany, the Caucasus, Africa, and 

 North and South America. 



But soon began to emerge from all these discoveries a fact of 

 enormous importance : The skulls and bones found at Cro Mag- 

 non, Solutre, Furfooz, Grenelle, and elsewhere, were compared, 

 and it was thus made certain that various races had already ap- 

 peared and lived in various grades of civilization, even in those 

 enormously remote epochs ; that even then there were various 

 strata of humanity ranging from races of a very low to those of a 

 very high type ; and that upon any theory, certainly upon the 

 theory of the origin of mankind from a single pair, two things 

 were evident : first, that long, slow processes during vast periods 

 of time, must have been required for the differentiation of these 

 races, and for the evolution of man up to the point where the bet- 

 ter specimens show him, certainly in the early Quaternary and 

 perhaps in the Tertiary period ; and, secondly, that there had 

 been from the first appearance of man, of which we have any 

 traces, an upward tendency.* 



This second conclusion — the upward tendency of man from 

 low beginnings — was made more and more clear by bringing into 

 relations with these remains of human bodies and of extinct ani- 

 mals the remains of human handiwork. As stated in the last 

 chapter, the river-drift and bone-caves in Great Britain, France, 

 and other parts of the world, revealed a progression, even in the 

 various divisions of the earliest Stone period ; for, beginning at 

 the very earliest strata of these remains, on the floors of the cav- 

 erns, associated mainly with the bones of extinct animals, the cave 

 bear, the hairy elephant, and the like, were the rudest implements ; 



* For Wesley's statement of the amazing consequences of the entrance of death into 

 the world by sin, see citations from his sermon on The Fall of Man in my chapter on Geol- 

 ogy. For Boucher de Perthes, see his Life by Ledieu, especially chapters v and xix ; also 

 letters in the appendix ; also Les Antiquites Celtiques et Autediluviennes, as cited in pre- 

 vious chapters of this series, For an account of the Neanderthal man and other remains 

 mentioned, see Quatrefages, Human Species, chap, xxvi ; also Mortillet, Le Prehistorique, 

 Paris, 1885, pp. 232 et seq., also other writers cited in this chapter. For the other discov- 

 eries mentioned, see the same sources. For an engraving of the skull and the restored human 

 face of the Neanderthal man, see Reinach, Antiquites Nationales, etc., vol. i, p. 138. For 

 the vast regions over which that early race spread, see Quatrefages as above, p. 307. See 

 also the same author, Histoire Generale des Races Humaines, in the Bibliotheque Ethno- 

 logique, Paris, 188*7, p. 4. In the vast mass of literature bearing on this subject, see Qua- 

 trefages, Dupont, Reinach, Joly, Mortillet, Tylor, and Lubbock, in works cited through 

 these chapters. 



