NEW CHAPTERS IN THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE. 583 



then, in strata above these, sealed in .the stalagmite of the cavern 

 floors, lying with the bones of extinct animals, some of them more 

 recent, stone implements were found, still rude, but, as a rule, of an 

 improved type ; and, finally, in a still higher stratum, associated 

 with bones of animals like the reindeer and bison, which, though 

 not extinct, have departed to other climates, were rude stone im- 

 plements, on the whole of a still better workmanship. Such was 

 the foreshadowing, even at that early rude Stone period, of tin- 

 proofs that the tendency of man has been from his earliest epoch 

 and in all parts of the world, as a rule, upward. 



But this rule was to be much further exemplified. About 

 1850, while the French and English geologists were working 

 more especially among the relics of the drift and cave periods, 

 noted archaeologists of the North, Forchammer, Steenstrup, and 

 Worsaae, were devoting themselves to the investigation of cer- 

 tain remains upon the Danish Peninsula. These remains were 

 of two kinds : first, there were vast shell-heaps or accumulations 

 of shells and other refuse cast aside by rude tribes which, at some 

 unknown age in the past lived on the shores of the Baltic, prin- 

 cipally on shell-fish. That these shell-heaps were very ancient was 

 evident ; the shells of oysters and the like found in them were far 

 larger than any now found on those coasts ; their size, so far from 

 being like that of the corresponding varieties which now exist in 

 the brackish waters of the Baltic, was in every case like that of 

 those varieties which only thrive in the waters of the open salt 

 sea : here was a clear indication that at the time when man formed 

 these shell-heaps those coasts were in far more direct communica- 

 tion with the salt sea than at present, and that sufficient time 

 must have elapsed since that period to have wrought enormous 

 changes in sea and land throughout those regions. 



Scattered through these heaps were found indications of a 

 grade of civilization when man still used implements of stone, 

 but implements and weapons, which, though still rude, showed a 

 progress from those of the drift and early cave period ; some of 

 them, indeed, being of polished stone. 



With these were other evidences that civilization had pro- 

 gressed. With implements rude enough to have survived from 

 early periods, other implements never known in the drift and 

 bone caves began to appear, and though there were few if any 

 bones of other domestic animals, the remains of dogs were found ; 

 everything showed that there had been a progress in civilization 

 between the former and this Stone epoch. 



The second series of discoveries in Scandinavia was made in 

 the peat-beds ; these were generally formed in hollows or bowls 

 varying in depth from ten to thirty feet, and a section of them, 

 like a section of the deposits in the bone caverns, showed a grad- 



