NEW CHAPTERS IN THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE. 585 



But from another quarter came a. yet more striking indication 

 of this same evolution. As far back as the year 1820 there were 

 discovered, in the Lake of Zurich, piles and other antiquities indi- 

 cating a former existence of human dwellings, standing in the 

 water at some distance from the shore; but the usual mixture of 

 thoughtlessness and dread of new ideas seems to have prevaile 

 and nothing was done until about 1853, when new discoveries of 

 the same kind were followed up vigorously, and such men as Riiti- 

 meyer, Keller, and Troyon showed not only in the Lake of Zurich, 

 but in many other lakes in Switzerland, remains of former habi- 

 tations, and, in the midst of these, great numbers of relics, exhibit- 

 ing the grade of civilization which those lake-dwellers had attained. 



Here, too, were accumulated proofs of the upward tendency of 

 the human race. Implements of polished stone, bone, leather, pot- 

 tery of various grades, woven cloth, bones of several kinds of 

 domestic animals, various sorts of grain, bread which had been 

 preserved by charring, and a multitude of evidences of progress 

 never found among the earlier, ruder relics of civilization, showed 

 yet more strongly that man had arrived here at yet a higher stage 

 than his predecessor of the drift, cave, and shell-heap periods, and 

 had gone on from better to better. 



Very striking evidences of this upward tendency were found 

 in each class of implements : as by comparing the chipped flint 

 implements of the lower and earlier strata in the cave period witli 

 those of the latter and upper strata we saw progress, so, in each of 

 the periods of polished stone, bronze, and iron, we see a steady 

 progress from rude to perfected implements ; especially is this 

 true in the remains of the various lake-dwellings, for among these 

 can be traced out constant improvements in means of subsistence 

 and in ways of living. 



Incidentally, too, a fact— at first sight of small account, but 

 on reflection exceedingly important— was revealed. The earlin- 

 bronze implements were frequently found to imitate in various 

 minor respects implements of stone ; in other words, forms were 

 at first given to bronze implements natural in working stone, but 

 not natural in working bronze. This showed the direction of the 

 development— that it was upward from stone to bronze, not down- 



Boyd Dawkins, Early Man in Britain, pp. 303, 304. For these evidences of advanced civili- 

 zation in the shell-heaps, see Mortillet, p. 49S. He, like Nilsson, says, that only the bones 

 of the dog were found ; but compare Dawkins, p. 305. For the very full list of these dis- 

 coveries, with their bearing on each other, see Mortillet, p. 499. As to those in Scandina- 

 vian countries, see Nilsson, The Primitive Inhabitants of Scandinavia, third edition, with 

 Introduction by Lubbock, London, 186S ; also the Pre-History of the North, by Worsaae 

 English translation, London, 18S6. For shell-mounds and their contents m the Spanish 

 Peninsula, see Cartailhac's greater work already cited. For summary of such discoveries 

 throughout the world, see Mortillet, Le Prebistorique, pp. 497 el scq. 



