5 88 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



the depths higher up the Nile at Thebes, near the tombs of the 

 kings ; and in the following year they exhibited more flint imple- 

 ments found at various other places. Coupled with these discov- 

 eries was the fact that Horner and Linant found a copper knife 

 at twenty-four feet and pottery at sixty feet below the surface. 

 In 1872 Dr. Reil, director of the baths at Helouan, near Cairo, 

 discovered implements of chipped flint ; and in 1877 Dr. Jukes 

 Brown made similar discoveries in that region. In 1878 Oscar 

 Fraas, summing up the question, showed that the stone imple- 

 ments were mainly such as are found in the prehistoric deposits 

 of other countries, and that Zittel, having found them in the 

 Libyan Desert, far from the oases, there was reason to suppose 

 that these implements were used before the region became a des- 

 ert and before Egypt was civilized. Two years later Dr. Mook, 

 of Wiirzburg, published a work giving the results of his investi- 

 gations with careful drawings of the rude stone implements dis- 

 covered by him in the upper Nile Valley, and it was evident that, 

 while some of these implements differed slightly from those before 

 known, the great mass of them were of the character so common 

 in the prehistoric deposits of other parts of the world. 



A yet more important contribution to this mass of facts was 

 made by Prof. Henry Haynes, of Boston, who in the winter of 

 1877 and 1878 began a very thorough investigation of the subject, 

 and discovered, a few miles east of Cairo, many flint implements. 

 The significance of Haynes's discoveries was twofold : First, there 

 were, among these, stone axes like those found in the French 

 drift-beds of St. Acheul, showing that the men who made these in 

 Egypt were passing through the same phase of savagery as that 

 of Quaternary France ; secondly, he found a workshop for mak- 

 ing these implements, proving that these flint implements were 

 not brought into Egypt by invaders, but made to meet the neces- 

 sities of the country. From this first field Prof. Haynes went to 

 Helouan, north of Cairo, and there found, as Dr. Reil had done, 

 various worked flints, some of them like those discovered by M. 

 Riviere in the caves of southern France ; thence he went up the 

 Nile to Luxor, the site of ancient Thebes, began a thorough search 

 in the Tertiary limestone hills, and found multitudes of chipped 

 stone implements, some of them, indeed, of original forms, but 

 most of forms common in other parts of the world under similar 

 circumstances, some of the chipped stone axes corresponding 

 closely to those found in the drift-beds of northern France. 



Nothing in its way can be more perfect than the modest mono- 

 graph in which Prof. Haynes records these researches, and the 

 photographs of these chipped flint implements show conclusively 

 that, long ages before the earliest period of Egyptian civilization 

 of which the monuments of the first dynasties give us any trace, 



