LITERARY NOTICES, 



705 



mented by administrative reports from the 

 heads of divisions, which give further de- 

 tails concerning the work of the year. The 

 following papers also accompany the direct- 

 or's report : Quaternary History of Mono 

 Valley, California, by Israel C. Russell ; Ge- 

 ology of the Lassen Peak District, by J. S. 

 Diller ; The Fossil Butterflies of Florissant, 

 by Samuel H. Scudder ; The Trenton Lime- 

 stone as a Source of Petroleum and Inflam- 

 mable Gas in Ohio and Indiana, by Edward 

 Orton ; The Geographical Distribution of 

 Fossil Plants, by Lester F. Ward ; Summary 

 of the Geology of the Quicksilver Deposits 

 of the Pacific Slope, by George F. Becker ; 

 and The Geology of the Island of Mount 

 Desert, Maine, by Nathaniel S. Shaler. 



Johns Hopkins University Studies in His- 

 torical and Political Science. Eighth 

 Series. Edited by Herbert B. Adams. 

 Baltimore. Published monthly. 



The first subject treated this year in 

 these studies was The Beginnings of Ameri- 

 can Nationality, by Albion W. Small, of 

 which Chapters I, II, and most of III are 

 given, forming a double number. (Price, 

 one dollar.) The scope of this inquiry com- 

 prises the constitutional relations between 

 the Continental Congress and the colonies 

 and States from 1774 to 1789. Chapter II 

 tells the composition and organization, and 

 the acts of the Congress of 1774, and the 

 corresponding acts of the colonies ; while 

 Chapter III gives a similar history of the 

 Congress of 1775. A ten-page paper on 

 The Needs of Self-supporting Women, by 

 Miss Clare de Graffenreid, is included in the 

 same pamphlet. 



Part III of the current series contains 

 an essay on Local Government in Wisconsin, 

 by David E. Spencer, together with a sketch 

 of The Enoch Pratt Free Library in Balti- 

 more, by Lewis H. Steiner. (Price, twenty- 

 five cents.) 



Spanish Colonization in the Southioest is 

 treated in Part IV, by Frank W. Blackmar. 

 (Price, fifty cents.) This is an account of 

 the efforts of Spain, by military, religious, 

 and civil means, to colonize and secure con- 

 trol of California and the territory north 

 of Mexico. It embraces a sketch of the 

 celebrated mission system employed to Chris- 

 tianize the Indians of Upper California. 



A double number is devoted to The Study 

 vol. xxxvii. — 51 



of History in Germany and France, by Paul 

 Fredericq, being translations by Miss Henri- 

 elta.Lconard of two papers by Prof. Frede- 

 ricq, of Ghent. (Price, one dollar.) In these 

 papers the methods of the professors, the 

 cources that they prescribe, and even their 

 personal appearance and the habits of the 

 students, are given in detail, and in a fa- 

 miliar and often amusing style. At one of 

 the lectures in the University of Berlin, 

 Prof. Fredericq saw a listener using an ear- 

 trumpet, and he tells us all about the queer 

 contrivance in a foot-note. Among the mas- 

 ters of historical teaching whom he heard 

 lecture in Germany were Treitschke, Droy- 

 sen, Curtius, Pauli, Waitz, and Von Sybel. 

 He also called upon Von Ranke, who no 

 longer lectured. . In Paris he heard MM. 

 Alfred Maury, Paul Meyer, Victor Duruy, 

 Monod, and Lavisse. In the same pamphlet 

 with these papers is included a sketch of 

 Early Presbyterianism in Maryland, by Rev. 

 /. William Mcllvain. 



National Health. Abridged from The 

 Health of Nations. A Review of the 

 Works of Sir Edwin Chadwick, K.C. R 

 By Benjamin Ward Richardson, M. D., 

 F. R. S. London and New York : Long- 

 mans, Green & Co. 1890. Pp. 320. 

 Price, $1.50. 



The demand for an inexpensive form of 

 Sir Edwin Chadwick's writings led to the 

 preparation of this volume. Selections have 

 been made from the subject-matter of Health 

 of Nations, omitting explanatory paragraphs, 

 chapters relating to police regulation, poor- 

 law administration, and historical accounts 

 of sanitary effort. The essays have been 

 rearranged and well classified in four parts : 

 health in the dwelling-house ; health in the 

 school ; health in the community ; and health 

 in the future. Under the first head the con- 

 struction and economy of sanitary dwellings 

 is considered, and the best mode of drain- 

 age, ventilation, warming, and securing free- 

 dom from dampness. The value of soft 

 water is urged, and roof-gardens are recom- 

 mended for crowded districts. The benefit 

 of healthful homes is shown in the establish- 

 ment of improved dwellings for working 

 people in London, where the death-rate has 

 been reduced in some localities from forty- 

 two to eighteen per thousand. 



The half-time system in education, which 



