NEW CHAPTERS IN THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE. 723 



hold economy, and the like ; and, secondly, it was shown as a 

 simple matter of fact that various savage and barbarous tribes 

 had raised themselves by a development of means which no one 

 from outside could have taught them ; as in the cultivation and 

 improvement of various indigenous plants, such as the potato and 

 Indian corn among the Indians of North America ; in the domesti- 

 cation of various animals peculiar to their own regions, such as 

 the llama among the Indians of South America ; in the making 

 of sundry fabrics out of materials and by processes not found 

 among other nations, such as the bark cloth of the Polynesians, 

 and in the development of weapons peculiar to sundry localities, 

 but known in no others ; such as the boomerang in Australia. 



Most effective in bringing out the truth were such works as 

 those of Sir John Lubbock and Tylor ; and so conclusive were 

 they, that the arguments of Whately were given up as untenable 

 by the other of the two great champions above referred to, and an 

 attempt was made by him to form the diminishing number of 

 thinking men supporting the old theological view on a new line 

 of defense. 



This second champion, the Duke of Argyll, was a man of 

 much knowledge and strong powers in debate, whose high moral 

 sense was amply shown in his adhesion to the side of the Ameri- 

 can Union in the struggle against disunion and slavery, despite 

 the overwhelming majority against him in the high aristocracy to 

 which he belongs. As an honest man and close thinker, the duke 

 was obliged to give up completely the theological view of the an- 

 tiquity of man. The whole biblical chronology as held by the 

 universal Church, " always, everywhere, and by all," he sacrificed, 

 and gave all his powers in this field to support the theory of " the 

 fall." Noblesse oblige ; the duke and his ancestors had been for 

 centuries the chief pillars of the Church of Scotland, and it was 

 too much to expect that he could break away from a tenet which 

 forms really its " chief corner-stone." 



Acknowledging the weakness and insufficiency of Archbishop 

 Whately's argument, the duke took the ground that the lower, 

 barbarous, savage, brutal races were the remains of civilized races 

 which, in the struggle for existence, had been pushed and driven 

 off to remote and inclement parts of the earth where the condi- 

 tions necessary to a continuance in their early civilization were 

 absent; that, therefore, the descendants of primeval, civilized 

 men degenerated and sank in the scale of culture. To use his own 

 words, the weaker races were " driven by the stronger to the 

 woods and rocks," so that they became "mere outcasts of the 

 human race." 



In answer to this, while it was conceded, first, that there have 

 been examples of weaker tribes sinking in the scale of culture 



