7 26 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



feel almost assured that they have descended froni the same parent 

 form, and are therefore closely related." * 



The history of Art, especially as shown by Architecture, in the 

 noblest monuments of the most enlightened nations of antiquity, 

 also gives abundant proofs of this same upward tendency from 

 the rudest and simplest beginnings. Many columns of early Egyp- 

 tian temples or tombs are but bundles of Nile reeds slightly con- 

 ventionalized in stone : the temples of Greece, including not only 

 the earliest forms, but the Parthenon itself, while in parts show- 

 ing an evolution out of Egyptian architecture, exhibit frequent 

 reminiscences and even imitations of earlier constructions in wood : 

 the mediaeval cathedrals, while evolved out of Roman and Byzan- 

 tine structures, constantly show unmistakable survivals of prehis- 

 toric construction, f 



So, too, History has come in, illustrating the unknown from 



* For the stone forms given to early bronze axes, etc., see Nilsson, Primitive Inhab- 

 itants of Scandinavia, London, 1868, Lubbock's Introduction, p. xxxi ; and for Plates, see 

 Lubbock's Prehistoric Man, chapter ii ; also Cartailhac, Les Ages Prehistoriques de 

 l'Espagne et du Portugal, p. 227 ; also Keller, Lake Dwellings ; also Troycn, Habita- 

 tions Lacustres; also Boyd Dawkins, Early Man in Great Britain, p. 292; also Lubbock, 

 p. 6 ; also Lyell, Antiquity of MaD, chap. ii. For the cranogs, etc., in the north of Europe, 

 see Munro, Ancient Scottish Lake Dwellings, Edinburgh, 1882. For mounds and greater 

 stone constructions in the extreme south of Europe, see Cartailhac's work on Spain and 

 Portugal above cited, Part III., chap. iii. For the source of Mr. Southall's contention, 

 see Brugsch, Egypt of the Pharaohs. For the two sides of the question whether in the 

 lowest grades of savagery there is really any recognition of a superior power, or anything 

 which can be called, in any accepted sense, religion, compare Quatrefages with Lubbock, in 

 works already cited. For a striking but rather ad captandum effort to show that there is a 

 moral and religious sense in the very lowest Australian tribes, see one of the discourses of 

 Archbishop Vaughan on Science and Religion. For one out of multitudes of striking and 

 instructive resemblances in ancient stone implements and those now in use among sundry 

 savage tribes, see comparison between old Scandinavian arrow-heads and those recently 

 brought from Tierra del Fuego, in Nilsson as above, especially in Plate V. For a brief and 

 admirable statement of the arguments on both sides, see Sir J. Lubbock's Dundee paper, 

 given in the appendix to the American edition of his Origin of Civilization, etc. For 

 the general argument referred to between Whately and the Duke of Argyll on one side and 

 Lubbock on the other, see Lubbock's Dundee paper as above cited ; Tylor, Early History 

 of Mankind, especially p. 193; and the Duke of Argyll, Primeval Man, Part IV. For 

 difficulties of savages in Arithmetic, see Lubbock, Origin of Civilization, New York, 

 1889, pp. 459 et seg. For a very temperate and judicial view of the whole question, see 

 Tylor, Early History of Mankind, chap, vii., especially pp. 188-191, also chap. xiii. For a 

 brief summary of the scientific position regarding the stagnation and deterioration of races, 

 resulting in the statement that such deterioration " in no way contradicts the theory that 

 civilization itself is developed from low to high stages," see Tylor, Anthropology, chap. i. 



f For striking examples of the testimony of language to upward progress, see Tylor, 

 chap, xii ; as to evolution in Architecture, and especially of Greek forms and ornaments out 

 of Egyptian and Assyrian, with survivals in stone architecture of forms obtained in Egypt 

 when reeds were used, and in Greece when wood construction prevailed, see Fergusson's 

 Hand-Book of Architecture, vol. i, pp. 100, 228, 233, and elsewhere ; also Ottfried Muller, 

 Ancient Art and its Remains, English tranlation, London, 1852, pp. 21 9, passim. 



