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THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



preted by new theories. A historical sketch 

 of past studies and treatises on expression 

 is given. Of authors of the old school, La- 

 vater is found to have come the nearest to 

 being scientific. The real science begins 

 with Camper, from whom the famous facial 

 angle took its name. But the great anato- 

 mists and physicists who preceded Darwin 

 only touched one side of the problem — ex- 

 pression in its relation to art and the aes- 

 thetic. Darwin traced the general laws 

 which govern expression in the whole ani- 

 mal kingdom ; and in his book, published 

 only in 1872, expression, in so far as it is a 

 special branch of comparative biology, as- 

 serted itself as a new science. In the sci- 

 ence of the present day we have, on one 

 side, a study of the human countenance, 

 which is associated with anatomy and an- 

 thropology, and, for its application, with all 

 the plastic sciences ; and, on the other side, 

 a study of expression, and of expression in 

 relation to psychology, to comparative eth- 

 nology, " the applications of which interest 

 in turn painter, sculptor, and actor," The 

 present book proposes " modestly to restore 

 to anthropology and to psychology what be- 

 longs to either, and to make known the posi- 

 tive documents which we possess to-day on 

 the human countenance and on expression." 

 Two diverse and important functions are ac- 

 corded to physical expression — it may re- 

 place or complete language, and it may de- 

 fend the nerve-centers and other parts of 

 the body against dangers of different kinds. 

 Including all living beings in a general view, 

 we may, according to the author, say that 

 the expression of emotion augments in in- 

 tensity and variety as the animal rises to a 

 higher scale and becomes more sociable. 

 These two maxims concerning the office and 

 the development of expression, which we have 

 selected from the observations in the chap- 

 ter on the Language of Expression, indicate 

 the importance and interest of the study. 

 The first part of the treatise is devoted to 

 the human face, its several features, and its 

 comparative morphology; the second part 

 to the expression of the emotions, in which, 

 besides what are usually understood under 

 that term, are included the minor emotions 

 or feelings, the expression of thought, the 

 general expressions • of repose and action, 

 disquietude, etc., and racial and professional 



expression, with additional chapters on the 

 moderators and disturbers of expression, 

 criteria for the determination of the strength 

 of an emotion by the degree of expression, 

 for judging the moral worth of a physiog- 

 nomy and the intellectual value of a face, 

 and on the physiognomy of gestures and the 

 expression of clothes. While the scientific 

 is predominant in the method of the book, 

 a kind of literary discursiveness is frequently 

 indulged in which supplies pleasant reading 

 supplementary to the solid principles of the 

 bulk of the text. 



Geological Survey of New Jersey. An- 

 nual Report of the State Geologist 

 for 1889. Pp. 112.— Final Report of 

 the State Geologist. Vol. II, Part I. 

 Pp. 642. New Brunswick : Irving S. 

 Upson, Assistant in charge of the Office. 



The survey was continued through 1889 

 on the lines planned by Dr. Cook before his 

 death, which occurred on the 22d of Septem- 

 ber. A leading object in the work has been, 

 as heretofore, to develop and make public 

 the natural products and resources of the 

 State. The present volume bears evidence, 

 continuing and additional to that given in 

 previous volumes, of the success with which 

 this object has been met. The geodetic sur- 

 vey was continued during the year, after 

 having been suspended in 1888, southerly 

 and westerly from the line — Hammerton- 

 Newfield — which was reached in 1887. In 

 a section on the ' archaean rocks, Mr. Frank 

 L. Nason gives a historical review of what 

 has been done in the Archaean Highlands 

 since 1836 ; and continues with a report of 

 the field-work of the year, descriptions of 

 the type rocks of the region and their dis- 

 tribution, studies of the economic value of 

 rocks, and special notes on the zircon and 

 molybdenite found there. The section on 

 Water-Supply and Artesian Wells, by Mr. 

 C. C. Vermeule, includes accounts of the 

 measures which have been taken to secure a 

 water-supply to several cities and towns, 

 and notes of the observations made in boring 

 nearly thirty artesian wells in different parts 

 of the State. The borings of a well at At- 

 lantic City, to a depth of about 1,400 feet, 

 show that the Quaternary gravels and sands 

 are over 200 feet thick, and the strata under 

 them to 1,225 feet are Miocene, while below 

 that depth no fossil is yet found distinctive 



