112 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



raw material have to be imported from abroad. How is the thing done ? 

 Obviously the main provision for the wants of the new people is effected 

 by themselves. They exchange services with each other, and so procure 

 the major part of the comforts and luxuries of life which they require. 

 The butcher, the baker, the tailor, the dressmaker, the milliner, the 

 shoemaker, the builder, the teacher, the doctor, the lawyer, and so on, 

 are all working for each other the most part of their lives, and the 

 proportion of exchanges with foreign countries necessary to procure 

 some things required in the general economy may be very small. These 

 exchanges may also very largely take the form of a remittance of goods 

 by foreign countries in payment of interest on debts which they owe, so 

 that the communities in question obtain much of what they want from 

 abroad by levying a kind of rent or annuity which the foreigner has to 

 pay. If more is required, it may be obtained by special means, as, for 

 instance, by the working of coal for export, which gives employment in 

 this country to about 200,000 miners, by the employment of shipping 

 in the carrying trade, by the manufacture of special lines of goods, and 

 so on. But the main exchanges of any country are, and must be, 

 as a rule, at home, and the foreign trade, however important, will always 

 remain within limits, and bearing some proportion to the total ex- 

 changes of the country. Hence, when additions to the population, and 

 how they are to live, are considered, the answer is that the additions 

 will fill up proportionately the framework of the various industries 

 already in existence, or the ever-changing new industries for home con- 

 sumption which are always starting into being. These are the primary 

 outlets for new population even in old countries like the United King- 

 dom and Germany. Of course, active traders and manufacturers, each 

 in their own way, are not to take things for granted. They must strive 

 to spread their activities over foreign as well as over home markets. 

 But looking at the matter from the outside, and scientifically, it is 

 the home and not the foreign market which is always the more im- 

 portant. 



The same may be said of a country in a somewhat difl'erent economic 

 condition from England and Germany, viz., the United States. I can 

 only refer to it, however, in passing, as the facts here are not so clearly 

 on the surface. Contrary to England and Germany, which have no food 

 resources and resources of raw material capable of indefinite expansion, 

 the United States is still to a large extent a virgin country. Its increas- 

 ing population is therefore provided for in a different way for the most 

 part from the increase in England and Germany. But even in the 

 United States it has been noticeable at each of the last census returns 

 that the increasing population finds an outlet more and more largely, 

 not in agriculture and the extraction of raw materials, but in the mis- 

 cellaneous pursuits of industry and manufacture. The tovm population 



