68o POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



been obtained from the Waianae side of Kaala, utilized to run a dynamo, 

 besides irrigating several plantations. On Maui near Lahaina, a six- 

 million-gallon daily flow is derived from the altitude of 2,600 feet 

 through a tunnel of the same length. There are no springs nor other 

 signs of underground water along the route. It must be permanent, 

 as the flow has been constant for the past two years. Other examples 

 could be cited. 



Springs in the Ocean. 



7. After so many introductory statements it is possible now 

 to postulate the central idea of this paper: springs of fresh water 

 arise in the midst of the ocean at some distance from the shore. 

 The facts are not numerous, but are stated upon the best authority. 

 Professor Joseph Le Conte, in his ' Geology/* says that fresh-water 

 springs arise in the ocean in the Hawaiian Islands. In reply to my 

 inquiry as to details, he wrote that he had not preserved the memoranda 

 relating to these phenomena, and that they had escaped Ms memory. 

 No one can doubt the correctness of the statement in view of the 

 existence of the proved underground waters. Powerful streams dis- 

 charge millions of gallons of water through the artificial openings very 

 near the sea-shore. If not intercepted, they must continue a consider- 

 able distance out to sea, and hence must well up to the surface amid 

 saline billows. 



Inquiry about these springs during the joast summer in the 

 territory of Hawaii has resulted in the discovery of several upon 

 Oahu, there is one off Diamond Head; a second off Waialae. At the 

 east end of Maui, in Hana, there was a fortress named Kaimuke, oc- 

 cupied by soldiers in the ancient times. As it was almost an island 

 communication with the mainland was not feasible in the time of a 

 siege, and for the lack of water it could not have been held except for 

 the presence of submarine springs. The natives would dive down to 

 collect water in their calabashes, which supplied all the wants of the 

 garrison. Other springs were known in the harbor of Hana, and at 

 low tide at Lahaina. Upon Hawadi I found there were fresh-water 

 springs off Kawadahae and Punaluu. Further inquiry would doubtless 

 discover many other examples. 



Underground Waters in Florida. 

 A later residence of a few weeks in Florida proved that the char- 

 acteristic fluvial phenomena cited above were even better developed 

 there than in Hawaii. If there is anything peculiar about drinking- 

 water one discovers it very, soon, as was the case in Florida. The first 

 feature to be noted along the eastern coast of Florida is the presence 

 of hundreds of driven and artesian wells. Every cottage of impor- 

 tance derives its water for culinary and irrigating purposes from them. 

 * ' Elements of Geology,' p. 74. 



