718 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



The state was in its beginnings probably a terrible tyranny which a 

 hord of mighty beasts of prey combining for rapine and plunder forced 

 upon a peaceful, but poorly organized mass. The modern state, the 

 so-called ideal or paternal state, the idol of the age, is opposed by 

 Nietzsche because it endangers the individuality of creative minds. 

 The ideal state of the socialists is really hostile to life, it is the destroyer 

 of man, it is a crime against the future of man, a sign of exhaustion, 

 a stealthy path to nothingness. It corrupts the soil on which genius 

 grows, it would make humanity tame and uninteresting and happy. 



But Nietzsche does not oppose the state as such, he is not an an- 

 archist. He believes in authority, indeed he maintains that healthy 

 vigorous life is not possible without authority. The rabble ought to 

 be made to understand that there are sacred things which they ought 

 not to touch, in the presence of which they ought to take off their shoes 

 and from which they ought to keep their unclean hands. " The society 

 of men is an experiment, a long search; but it searches for the ruler." 

 This ruler is not a brutal arbitrary tyrant, he is strict with himself 

 and gentle with the weak and suffering. He is a man who says : " This 

 pleases me, this I shall take and defend against everyone," " a man 

 who can lead a cause, carry out a resolve, be loyal to an idea, hold 

 fast a woman, punish and overthrow a rascal ; a man who has his anger 

 and his sword, and to whom the weak and suffering and oppressed 

 and even animals gladly turn and naturally belong, a man in short 

 who is by nature a lord — if such a man has pity, very well ! This pity 

 has value. But what care we for the pity of those who suffer. Or of 

 those who even preach pity." 



For the same reason that Nietzsche opposes the modern democratic 

 tendencies he is against the so-called emancipation of women. The 

 sexes are not equal. Man's strongest instinct is the desire for power; 

 woman's whole life is love, which is merely an episode in man's. " The 

 happiness of man is: This is my will. The happiness of woman is: 

 This is his will." She is made to love and obey, he is made to rule 

 and protect. " Man should be trained for war, and woman for the 

 recreation of the warrior : everything else is foolishness." Where this 

 natural and healthy relation is perverted, where the man is effeminate 

 and the woman masculine, we have decay. " There is too little of the 

 man around here," says Zarathustra, " therefore their women become 

 mannish. For only one who is man enough will deliver the woman 

 in woman." 



We are now prepared for a discussion of Nietzsche's conception of 

 morality, one of the most important phases of his teaching. Nietzsche 

 declares that thus far no one has dared to make morality a problem, 

 to criticize it, to call it in question. " The value of these values (those 

 expressed in the moral laws) has been accepted as a matter of fact, as 

 beyond all dispute. In the entire science of morality so far the prob- 



