I IO 



POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 



Fig. 11. Small Landslide on the Uphill Side of a Side-hill Road. 



A number of exceptions to this gradation of intensity are connected 

 with tracts of deep alluvial soil, especially if saturated with water, 

 and with tracts of ' made ground.' The great destruction in the low- 

 lying part of San Francisco, eight miles from the fault, is directly con- 

 nected with the fact that much of the ground there is artificial, the area 

 having been reclaimed from the bay by filling in with sand and other 

 materials. The severity of the disaster at San Jose, twelve miles from 

 the fault, has been ascribed to the deep alluvial soil on which the town 

 stands, and many other local peculiarities seem to admit of the same 

 explanation. It is necessary also to distinguish carefully between earth- 

 quake intensity and destructive effect, because injury to property was 

 conditioned by mode and material of construction no less than by in- 

 tensity of vibration. But after making due allowance for differences 

 in natural foundation and for differences in the resisting power of 

 buildings, there remain various anomalies for which satisfactory expla- 

 nation has not as yet been found. The natural foundation of Oakland 

 is similar to that of San Jose, and its distance from the earthquake 



