EFFECTS OF IMMIGRATION OX HOMICIDE 171 



in various cities, per 100,000 of population, it appears that the pro- 

 portion of crimes of violence has not increased in Cincinnati during 

 the past twenty-five years. The following figures show that they have 

 at least increased in numbers. The police-court records show that 

 during the twenty-one years 1884-1904, there were 335 arrests for 

 murder in Cincinnati, an annual average of 15.95. During the ten 

 years 1895-190-1 the annual average was 17. The annual average for 

 the four vears 1901-04 was 21. 



In Minneapolis, where nearly 90 per cent, of the foreign-born 

 population are from northern Europe, and where there are neither 

 Chinese, Italians, nor negroes, homicides are proportionately rare, the 

 ratio of arrests for murder and manslaughter being in 1880, 2.13 ; and 

 in 1901 less than one per one hundred thousand of inhabitants. In 

 Milwaukee, where over 60 per cent, of the foreign population are Ger- 

 mans, the annual average ratio of arrests for homicides during the 

 seven years 1898-1901 was 1.77 per one hundred thousand of inhabit- 

 ants. This is more than twice the proportion occurring in Minneapolis ; 

 but Milwaukee has about twice the proportion of immigrants from 

 southern Europe that Minneapolis has. In 1880, when there were 

 comparatively few immigrants in Milwaukee from Italy, Poland, Eussia 

 or the Balkans, the ratio of arrests for homicides was 0.87 per one 

 hundred thousand of population, and, as late as 1890, the ratio was 

 but 0.97. 



Although there is no city in the state of Kansas ranking in popula- 

 tion with the cities here studied, for the sake of its instructive example 

 the city of Kansas, as the largest city in the state, may be given 

 special mention. During the two years ending October 31, 1905, the 

 annual average of homicides (not the number of arrests therefor) 

 was 17.61 per one hundred thousand of inhabitants. An inquiry ad- 

 dressed to Chief-of-Police Yernon J. Eose, evoked the reply that at 

 least four fifths of these homicides were committed by the immigrant 

 and negro population, who comprise, together, over 25 per cent, of the 

 total population of the city. About 40 per cent, of the 9,000 employees 

 of the six great packing houses are natives of Eussia, Greece, Poland, 

 Croatia, Bulgaria and Hungary, and Chief-of-Police Eose states that 

 it is among these ' Bohunks ' (the local term which comprehends these 

 races as a group) that nearly all of the homicides among the whites 

 occur. 



In Providence (E. I.), where the Italians comprise more than ten 

 per cent, of the foreign population, and where 38.1 per cent, of the 

 total inhabitants are of foreign birth, the ratio of arrests for homicide 

 is lower than in Boston, the annual average of arrests for homicide 

 in Providence being, for the four years 1901-04, 1.70; and for Boston 

 (during the two years 1904-05) 1.98 per one hundred thousand of 

 inhabitants. But in Bhode Island, as a whole, the proportion of 



