342 TEE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 



exist and prevail, and in the second event, namely, if free trade became estab- 

 lished throughout the world, the necessity for territorial expansion and aggression 

 would no longer be needed, for, with the entire world open on equal terms to 

 the commerce and industry of every nation, territorial possession would not be 

 much of a consideration to any person or peoples." 



David A. Wells, in Free Trade, said : 



A powerful argument in favor of free trade between nations is, that of all 

 agencies it is the one most conducive to the maintenance of international peace 

 and to the prevention of wars. The restriction of commercial intercourse among 

 nations tends to make men strangers to each other, and prevents the formation 

 of that union of material interests which creates and encourages in men a dispo- 

 sition to adjust their differences by peaceful methods rather than by physical 

 force. On the other hand, it requires no argument to prove that free trade in 

 it fullest development tends to make men friends rather than strangers for the 

 more they exchange commodities and services the more they become acquainted 

 with and assimilated to each other; whereby a feeling of interdependence and 

 mutuality of interest springs up, which, it may be safely assumed, does more to 

 maintain amicable relations between them than all the ships of war that ever 

 were built or all the armies that ever were organized. 



Eichard Cobden said: 



I see in the Free Trade principle that which shall set on the moral world 

 as the principle of gravitation in the universe — drawing men together, thrusting 

 aside the antagonism of race, and creed, and language, and uniting us in the 

 bonds of eternal peace. ... I believe that the desire and the motive for large 

 and mighty empires; for gigantic armies and great navies — for those materials 

 which are used for the destruction of life and the desolation of the rewards of 

 labor — will die away; I believe that such things will cease to be necessary or 

 to be used, when man becomes one family, and freely exchanges the fruits of his 

 labor with his brother man. 



Henry Ward Beecher said, in 1883 : 



The fundamental doctrine of Christianity is that all men are brethren. 

 The fundamental doctrine of protectionism is that all men are not brethren. 

 Christianity teaches that all men, in all parts of the world, should love each other. 

 Protectionism teaches that all men on one side of an imaginary line should hate, 

 or at least disregard, all who live on the other side of that line. Not only so, 

 but protectionism teaches Christians to hate their fellow Christians more than 

 they do pagans. We do not build up our tariff against heathen countries. . . . 

 The moment the missionaries have, with infinite pains, taught the converted 

 pagan to make anything fit to send to this market, we hasten to build up a 

 high tariff wall to keep it out. 



J. Novicoro, a great Eussian writer, said, in 1903 : 



Freedom in the exchange of commodities alone can safeguard the interests 

 of the nations. Since they are all interested in the inauguration of the same 

 commercial policy, their solidarity is manifest and their supposed antagonism, 

 in this particular matter of trade, is a delusion proceeding from the misappre- 

 hension of the real play of the economic forces involved. 



Lord Kromer, Sir Lyon Playfair, Professor John Bascom, Professor 

 William G. Sumner, Henry George, J. E. Thorold Eogers and other 



