482 TEE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 



small as compared with the entire amount of service income. Thus on 

 the railroads the total compensation of both general and other oflBcers 

 was $40,000,000 in 1911. This constituted only about 3 per cent, of 

 the total compensation paid during the year to all classes of employees. 

 If to the salaries of all officers are added the total salaries of office 

 clerks/ the entire salary schedule for the railroads covers 8 per cent, 

 of the total amount paid in compensation.^ The same situation exists 

 in street railways. All street and electric railway salaries amount to 

 approximately $13,000,000, which is 9 per cent, of the total amount 

 paid for compensation." The Census reports'^ the payment of $4,366,- 

 000,000 for services in the manufacturing industries. Of this amount, 

 $939,000,000, or more than a fifth, was expended for salaries. Officers 

 of corporations received a quarter of this salary expenditure; superin- 

 tendents and managers another quarter, and clerks and other subordi- 

 nate emplo3^ees received a half. If individual industries are examined, 

 however, it appears that in highly organized businesses like the pro- 

 duction of iron and steel, of railroad cars and locomotives, of agricul- 

 tural implements, and the like, the relation of salaries to total compen- 

 sation is essentially the same as that for railroads. The figures for 

 mines and quarries^ show $40,000,000 paid in all kinds of salaries, as 

 compared with $370,000,000 paid in wages. Again the figures appear 

 as about 10 per cent. General officers received one fifth of the forty 

 millions, or about 2 per cent, of the whole; superintendents, managers 

 and foremen received three fifths, and clerks one fifth of the total salary 

 expenditure. For those industries in which figures are available, it 

 would seem that the general officers receive less than one twentieth oi 

 the total amount paid in compensation, while all salaried persons (gen- 

 eral officers, other officers and clerks) receive about a tenth of the total 

 payments in the form of compensation. This generalization holds true 

 for large, highly organized industries. In the smaller, less specialized 

 industries, the proportion which the salary account bears to the total 

 payments for compensation is perhaps double that in the larger in- 

 dustries. 



The figures furnish an indication of the manner in which service 

 income is divided between those who receive salaries and those who re- 

 ceive wages. When a hundred dollars is paid in compensation by a 



4 This computation is made because of general usage by virtue of which 

 clerks are paid by the month. Their yearly earnings are usually less than those 

 of the better -paid wage-earners. 



5 Ihid., p. 29. 



G "Street and Electric Eailways," 1907, Special Eeport of the Census, Wash- 

 ington, Gorerment Printing Office, 1910, p. 195. 



7 Thirteenth Census of the United States, Volume VIII., Washington, Gov- 

 ernment Printing Office, 1913, p. 129. 



8 "Mines and Quarries," 1902, Special Eeport of the United States, Wash- 

 ington, Government Printing Office, 1905, p. 91. 



