WAOES AND SALARIES 483 



modern large-scale industry, from 3 to 4 dollars go to general officers, 

 from 6 to 10 dollars go to other salaried employees (including clerks), 

 and the great bulk, from 85 to 90 dollars, is paid in the form of wages 

 to wage-earners. This formula will not hold good for individual in- 

 dustries, but it does express with a considerable degree of fairness the 

 situation now existing in organized industry. Furthermore, the fact 

 should not be lost sight of that in more highly organized industries, 

 that is, in the industries which have evolved to the point which virtually 

 all industries may be expected to reach in the process of their develop- 

 ment, at least ninety out of every hundred dollars paid for compensa- 

 tion goes in the form of wages. 



The point regarding the distribution of compensation among sal- 

 aried emploj'ees and wage-earners is not stressed. For the purpose of 

 this study no importance attaches to the distinction between a wage 

 and a salary, since both payments are made for " services." Neverthe- 

 less, since most of the available figures relating to service income are 

 wage figures, the critical reader will bear in mind the fact that the 

 necessity which forced the use of such material bears every earmark of 

 reasonableness, since the bulk of service payments are made in the form 

 of wages. 



III. Incomes of Managers, Foremen and Other Ofeicers 



The data regarding the apportionment of incomes among officers 

 of all grades are meager in the extreme. The mass of figures cited in 

 the last section give some idea of the general relation existing between 

 "salaries" and "wages" in bulk. They are of no value in an analysis 

 of income apportionment among individual salary and wage-earners. 



FigTires showing the apportionment of income among general offi- 

 cers are apparently non-existent in any usable form. Even for under 

 officials the figures are so scanty as to be worthy of only the most cur- 

 sory analysis. The reason for this paucity of data is apparent. On the 

 one hand, several of the most reliable sources (the reports of classi- 

 fied wages in the manufacturing industries of Massachusetts and New 

 Jersey, for example) include " wage-earners " only in their classifica- 

 tion. On the other hand, much of the salary information relating to 

 under officials is, for all practical purposes, unclassified. The latest 

 report of the California Bureau of Labor Statistics® is an excellent case 

 in point. The income classification in that report includes, in its last 

 category, incomes of $25 per week and over ($1,300 per year). For 

 each city and under each industry "superintendents" or "managers" 

 are listed, but in nine tenths of the instances they fall in this last class. 

 That they receive more than $1,300 per year goes almost without say- 

 ing. Exactly how much more the report does not state. The report 



9 Biennial Report for 1911-12, Sacramento, 1912. 



