WAGES AND SALARIES 499 



the males receive less than $500 per year, and from a tenth to a fifth of 

 the females receive less than $250 per year. Thus the great bulk of 

 the males are paid wage rates varying from $500 to $1,000, vs^hile the 

 gi-eat bulk of the females are paid wage rates of from $250 to $500. 

 To this general statement, Oklahoma and California are exceptions. 

 The wage rates there are considerably higher than in the east. 



The figures for the manufacturing industries, in the states com- 

 piling such figures, include practically all of the persons occupied in 

 the manufacturing industries within a given state. The Census figures 

 include only a fraction of the employees engaged in the manufacturing 

 industry. The Census figures are interesting chiefly because they in- 

 clude a wide geographical range. They virtually cover an industry for 

 the entire country. They differ in no essential particular from the con- 

 clusions already derived from the state and special wage figures. 



IX. The Income of Wage-Earners Engaged in Public Utilities 



Eecent studies have made available a few figures which show the 

 scale of wages paid by public utilities. These wages are higher than the 

 wages for industry in general, but they are not materially higher than 

 the wages paid in the other man-employing industries. 



Three states (New York, Oklahoma and Kansas) publish wage 

 rates for public utilities. The New York figures are for the Eirst Dis- 

 trict. There were in 1911 38,139 employees on the street railways of 

 the First District. Of this number the wages of 9,635 men employed 

 by "selected" companies are tabulated. Of the total, 5 per cent, re- 

 ceived less than $500 per year; two fifths received less than $750; and 

 nine tenths received less than $1,000.*® The gas and electric companies 

 in the same district report the emplo3anent of 16,741 men, for whom the 

 range of wages is considerably higher than the range for street railway 

 employees. Eight per cent, were receiving wage rates under $500, 

 45 per cent, under $750, three quarters under $1,000, and nine tenths 

 under $1,250.*^ 



The figures for the two "Western States differ little from those for 

 New York. The Oklahoma report, covering 1,129 adult males engaged 

 in public utilities, gives the wage rates for two thirds as under $750, 

 and nine tenths as under $1,000.*^ In Kansas, of the 702 adult males 

 reported as employed, three quarters received less than $750, and 95 per 

 cent, less than $1,000."^ 



The compensation rates of persons employed in public utilities are 

 fairly uniform. These occupations apparently range among the better- 

 's Annual Eeport of the Public Service Commission of New York, op. cit., 

 pp. 334-339. 



i-! Ihid., Volume III., pp. 280. 



4s Annual Eeport of the Department of Labor, Oklahoma, 1911-32, p. 209. 



49 Annual Eeport, Kansas Bureau of Labor, 1909, Topeka, 1910, p. 21. 



