614 



THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 





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nite sub-specialization. Starting from him as the original "journalist," 

 we find his work divided in a neighboring city office in a manner 

 which may be diagrammed thus : 



And this is only the beginning. If we 

 stepped into a metropolitan newspaper 

 establishment, we should find the work 

 still much further divided and subdi- 

 vided. A whole article would be re- 

 quired to describe it briefly. And the 

 same would be true of many other in- 

 dustries once considered such narrow 

 specialties that, with some reason, they 

 were believed to have a narrowing effect 

 on the minds of those who pursued 

 them. 



The advantages thus gained have 

 been dwelt upon by all economists since 

 Adam Smith. They correspond quite 

 closely to those secured by the specializa- 

 tions which Nature produces all around 

 us in the different organs and tissues of 

 plants and animals. A good deal of 

 tedious hair-splitting would be required 

 to define all of them, but they may be 

 roughly divided as follows : 



I. Those that appear immediately, as 

 the ability to form combinations of effort 

 not otherwise possible, or not without 

 greater waste of time or greater expense 

 for tools. The different parts in a play 

 must be taken by different persons. This 

 is made necessary by the very nature of 

 the work. In other cases the same per- 

 son might attend to many different tasks, 

 but he would lose time in passing from 

 one to another ; and he might require a 

 greater variety of tools. 



II. Those that come a little later, 

 like the acquired skill of the individual 

 specialist, and perish with him. Stradi- 

 varius devoted his energies to the speci- 

 alty of making violins. By doing so he 

 gave us the best violins ever made. The 

 fact that they have never since been 

 equaled shows that his slowly-acquired 

 skill died with him. 



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