SOCIAL SUSTENANCE. 625 



ure, the drama, the professional hall-game, whose enterprising pro- 

 ducers have taught us to love them for their own sake, and not because 

 they make us stronger to dig, plow, buy, and sell. We do not ask 

 whether these things increase the harvest or fill the net with fishes. 

 They amplify our lives, and that is enough for us. We are willing to 

 pay for the amplification, and that is enough for the specialists who 

 render the service. 



We recognize the resources that lie in human nature, as well as 

 those that lie in the earth. Glancing at these, we see that humanity is 

 as blind to the opportunities offered by its own expansible and multi- 

 plicable wants and satisfactions as to those offered by Nature's unex- 

 hausted capacity to supply old wants within old lines. 



We can never safely predict just how much or little, nor exactly 

 what, can be found by searching. We might be disappointed in our 

 search for valuable and profitable new specialties. But if a great 

 many tried it once, we might with good reason expect more benefit 

 than has accrued from the associations of labor and capital that are 

 seeking to control the old ones. For while the inventor of the 

 specialty profits by his profession or business, the customers in whom 

 he has excited a new want are thereby stimulated to greater efforts or 

 greater efficiencies in their own old lines, since they must have means 

 to gratify the new want. In this way the novelties that commerce 

 offers to those it reaches tempts contented poverty and indolence into 

 industry and civilization. It creates in the uncivilized the wants and 

 thereby the efforts of the civilized, and hence the German philosopher 

 was right who said that commerce is the great civilizer. 



In conclusion, among the general principles of specialization we 

 have discovered the following : 



1. That it may arise either by division of old specialties or the cre- 

 ation of new ones. 



2. That three fourths of the population, women and farmers, are 

 denied its highest development. 



3. That heredity in specialization may be excessive. 



4. That multiplication of human wants, as truly as multiplication 

 of drafts on Mother Earth, conduces to specialization. 



5. So do density of population and facility of communication. 



President Francis A. Walker urges for industrial education in the public 

 schools equal consideration with science and other branches, because it directs 

 and strengthens the executive faculty, and gives scope to the creative or con- 

 structive passion ; arouses interest in a larger proportion of pupils ; forestalls 

 snobbishness and dislike and contempt for manual labor ; contributes to a much- 

 needed improvement in the industrial quality of citizens ; helps to quicken the 

 sense of social decency which is manifested in keeping houses and yards neat 

 and trim ; supplies, from the girls' side, good cooks, housekeepers, and sewers ; 

 and, by the exhibition of practical results for good, makes the schools popular, 

 and appeals to the whole community to be interested in them and maintain them. 

 vol. xxxi. 40 



