8zo THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



but Mr. Bain lias shown that they are the ones the contraction of 

 which is related to the relaxation of the other muscles. " With a little 

 force a greater one is relaxed." The expenditure in this case is made 

 for saving, and takes place, we think, hecause the first motion in the 

 face of pain being a movement of conservation and concentration on 

 self, is also a tendency to save the force which is felt to he diminish- 

 ing we retire from the pain, and try to recover ourselves. The first 

 stage of pain does not last long, for the reaction begins at once. 

 While the will can consent to pleasure, it can not consent to pain. It 

 defends itself, it struggles, against it. After the first stroke of pain 

 that casts down, we perceive the signs of effort. Sometimes the effort 

 is spasmodic, and involves a prodigality of force that can hardly fail 

 to bring on quick prostration. 



Suffering and joy are always accompanied by aversion and desire. 

 The movement of concentration upon self and of the defensive, com- 

 mon to all personal or egotistical feelings, gives to their expression, 

 as M. Mantegazza has remarked, a character essentially concentric or 

 centripetal, while the expression of the benevolent affections is cen- 

 trifugal and " eccentric." Fear presents the type of the concentric 

 physiognomy pertaining to the affections which have for their center 

 the me. 



While the feelings derived from aversion are concentric, those de- 

 rived from desire are expansive. The setting forth of them is ex- 

 pressed by the body, the arms, the head, lips, and eyes, by a tendency 

 to enlargement and touch, the aspect of which is varied according 

 to the nature of the objects and of the possible touch. With joy 

 and suffering, aversion and desire, Ave have the four fundamental pas- 

 sions, the commingling of which is sufficient to account for all the 

 others, and the expression of which in like manner engenders the most 

 complex mimicry. Physiologists have not taken enough notice of the 

 simplifications which could thus be effected by psychology. The 

 whole can be definitely relegated to a general movement of the will 

 toward the objects or their opposites ; and it is the correlative move- 

 ment of organic expansion or contraction that is the real generator of 

 the language of the emotions. 



We pass next to the considerations, ordinarily neglected, that can 

 be borrowed from sociology. When the series of brain-disturbances 

 is produced which have their origin in the appetite or the zest of 

 life, the movement is then inevitably propagated to all the organs. 

 There is in this case, in the first instance, a mechanical contagion, but 

 there is, also, we think, a psychological contagion, and consequently a 

 social phenomenon. The organism, in fact, is a compound of element- 

 ary organisms, a society of living cells, united among one another by 

 bonds more or less strict. The cerebral cells being analogous to all 

 the other cells, it is hardly probable that these should not also have 

 their mental side that is, that they should not be the seat of rudi- 



