352 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



In such Quaternary gravels and caverns mingled with the bones of 

 numerous extinct species of animals, such as the mammoth, the woolly 

 rhinoceros, and the cave-bear and others, human bones have been dis- 

 covered, although comparatively rarely, while the implements and ob- 

 jects of man's fabrication are found in large quantities. They are, 

 however, all made of stone, or of the horns and bones of animals. 

 Such human remains as have been discovered show man at this ear- 

 liest epoch to have been possessed of a cranial development quite equal 

 to the average now. Already the anthropologists have been able to 

 establish the existence of at least three different races, named, from the 

 localities in which the skulls have been discovered, the races of Can- 

 stadt, of Cro-Magnon, and of Furfooz caverns situated respectively 

 in Germany, in France, and in Belgium. But implements and weapons 

 of undoubted human workmanship are as good proof of man's exist- 

 ence as his actual bones ; nor is the scarcity of these latter limited to 

 Quaternary times. None were found, for example, when the great 

 Haarlaem Lake was drained, although many a bloody sea-fight had 

 taken place on its broad bosom. 



Nor is it in rare and special localities alone that traces of early man 

 have been found. They are met with in England, in France, in Bel- 

 gium, in Switzerland, in Germany, in Italy, in Spain and Portugal, and 

 in southern India ; and in the winter of 1878 I was fortunate enough 

 to discover them in Upper Egypt, where hitherto their occurrence has 

 been either denied or doubted. Our own continent, too, seems to be 

 not wanting in them, as within the past few years they appear to have 

 been discovered by Dr. Abbott in the glacial drift of the valley of the 

 Delaware. The field is vast and the laborers have been few, but their 

 numbers are rapidly increasing ; and, as extended research has been 

 constantly rewarded by repeated discovery, we have every reason to 

 expect that there are most important results yet to be reached, both 

 on this continent and in the almost unexplored regions of Asia, the 

 acknowledged cradle of the human race, where thus far only slight 

 traces of early man have been met with. 



But though the antiquity of man is admitted, and the fact of his 

 coexistence with extinct animals during the Quaternary period can not 

 be denied, yet both the duration of the Quaternary period and the ques- 

 tion of his existence in the previous Tertiary age are still stoutly con- 

 tested. The proofs of his presence in Tertiary times are as yet " few 

 and far between," and the believers in his existence at that remote epoch 

 are by no means numerous ; still, as History so oft repeats herself, it 

 may well happen that the late Abbe Bourgeois, of Pontlevoy, who has 

 been thus far the principal champion of the Tertiary man, may share 

 in the eyes of posterity in the well-merited honors of Boucher de 

 Perthes, of Abbeville, who first established the existence of " the fos- 

 sil man." Whether the duration of Quaternary times extends over a 

 period of one hundred thousand years or more, or twenty thousand, or 



