684 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



to others than pupils in fact, to all who wish to use them, parents 

 as well as children and are open for reading fourteen hours out of 

 every twenty-four. 



For this system of scholastic and industrial schoole, as well as the 

 school libraries, the total expenditure of the French Government for 

 the whole of France was about fourteen million dollars for the past 

 school year. The number of students this sum paid for educating has 

 been estimated at 4,700,000. 



Educational appropriations reach a much lai-ger sum than this in 

 the United States, proportion of population considered. New York 

 alone has spent for educational purposes for the past eight years from 

 ten to eleven millions annually. In 1876 eleven and a half millions 

 was disbursed ; this was the largest sum ever paid out by the State. 

 Since then the expenditures have somewhat decreased, the returns 

 for the past year showing a smaller sum than any previous year since 

 1871. The total, however, reached considerably over ten millions. 

 The number of pupils this sum educated (?) was 1,030,000. From 

 these statistics it may be seen that New York pays more than three 

 times as much per head for giving a merely scholastic and commercial 

 education as it costs France to combine these with the artistic and in- 

 dustrial features, including a system of free-school libraries. 



If this large outlay of money gave New York in return a more law- 

 abiding, cultured, and self-helpful population, it would be capital well 

 expended. That it does not do this is to be seen in the yearly increase 

 in the appropriations for prisons, reformatories, and charitable insti- 

 tutions of all kinds. In fifteen years taxation has been more than 

 doubled in the State of New York for purposes of public charity. 

 Much of this evil may be laid to the fact that the industrial schools of 

 the great capitals of Europe furnish New York with her best artisans. 

 To remedy this, private enterprise and liberality have founded several 

 industrial schools in New York. Statistics show these to have been 

 well attended. Indeed, the applications for admission have in all cases 

 been far in excess of the accommodations supplied. These night- 

 schools, fi\e in number, are mostly modeled upon the plans of the 

 industrial schools of Paris and Berlin, and of South Kensington, 

 London. 



SKETCH OF JOSEPH LEIDY. 



By EDWARD J. NOLAN. 



IN 1849, Dr. Harvey, the author of the "Phycologia Britannica," 

 describing his visit to the University of Pennsylvania, remarked, 

 " There I met several persons, among whom was Dr. Leidy, a young 

 man who will be famous if he lives and goes ahead according to pres- 



