NEW CHAPTERS IN THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE. 147 



"What the Index, prefaced by papal bulls, binding its contents 

 upon the consciences of the faithful, for two hundred years stead- 

 ily condemned, was "all books which affirm the motion of the 

 earth." 



Not one of these condemnations was directed against Galileo 

 " for reconciling his ideas with Scripture." * 



Having been dislodged from this point, the Church apologists 

 sought cover under the statement that Galileo was condemned, not 

 for heresy, but for contumacy, and for wanting in respect to the 

 Pope. 



There was a slight chance, also, for this quibble: no doubt 

 Urban VIII, one of the haughtiest of pontiffs, was induced by 

 Galileo's enemies to think that he had been treated with some 

 lack of proper etiquette : first, by Galileo's adhesion to his own 

 doctrines after his condemnation in 1616 ; and, next, by his sup- 

 posed reference in the Dialogue of 1632 to the arguments which 

 the Pope had used against him. 



But it would seem to be a very poor service rendered to the 

 doctrine of papal infallibility to claim that a decision, so immense 

 in its consequences, could be influenced by the personal resent- 

 ment of the reigning pontiff. 



Again, as to the first point, the very language of the various 

 sentences shows the folly of this assertion ; these sentences speak 

 steadily of " heresy," and never of " contumacy." As to the last 

 point, the display of the original documents settled that forever. 

 They show Galileo from first to last as most submissive toward 

 the Pope, and patient under the papal arguments and exactions. 

 He had, indeed, expressed his anger at times against his traducers ; 

 but to hold this the cause of the judgment against him is to de- 

 grade the whole proceedings, and to convict Paul V, Urban VIII, 

 Bellarmin, the other theologians, and the Inquisition, of direct 

 falsehood, since they assigned entirely different reasons for their 

 conduct. From this position, therefore, the assailants retreated, f 



The next rally was made about the statement that the perse- 

 cution of Galileo was the result of a quarrel between Aristotelian 

 professors on one side and professors favoring the experimental 



* See the original trial documents, copied carefully from the Vatican manuscripts ; see 

 the Roman Catholic authority, L'Epinois, especially p. 35, where the principal document is 

 given in its original Latin ; see, also, Gebler, Die Acten des Galilei'schen Processes, for 

 still more complete copies of the same documents. For minute information regarding these 

 documents and their publication, see Favaro, Miscellanea Galileana Inedita, forming vol. 

 xxii, part iii, of the Memoirs of the Venetian Institute for 1887, and especially pp. 891 

 and following. 



f The invention of the " contumacy " quibble seems due to Monsignor Marini, who ap- 

 pears also to have manipulated the original documents to prove it. Even Whewell appears 

 to have been somewhat misled by him, but Whewell wrote before L'Epinois had shown all 

 the documents, and under the supposition that Marini was an honest man. 



