49 



THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



lower limb to engage in wide movements. The position is very 

 different from that of our tailors or of the Arabs. It brings the 

 knees to a level with the chest. The man is supported on his ischia 

 and his feet ; and he keeps in this position for whole hours, while 

 we can maintain it only for a few minutes. It is their way of rest- 

 ing, and we can see them by groups squatting in this manner, and 

 smoking. In the second place, the articulation of the instep and 

 the medio-tarsal permit wide lateral movements of the foot, as in 



Fig. 1. Showing the Enormous Distance between the First and Second Toes in a 



Tamil of Trichinofoly. 



the examples of the shoemaker, joiner, comb-maker, and turner ; 

 and on the toes, which are peculiarly flexible, as with the butcher 

 cutting meat and the child climbing trees. 



The great toe is capable of considerable lateral movements from 

 the second toe, so that the Indian can easily pick up articles from 

 the ground with his foot, and even exert some force sidewise. 



But great as is their skill, there is no movement of opposition 

 between the great toe and the other toes, as there is in the monkey. 

 The great toe has very extended movements of adduction and ab- 

 duction, and of elevation and depression, but all is limited.* The 

 property is frequent among savages and half -civilized peoples. 

 Broca pointed out in 1869 the part which the foot could be made 

 to serve. Morice has remarked that the great toe of the Annam- 

 ites could bo used by them in picking up small objects ; and he 

 saw a boatman take his hand from the helm and steer very cor- 

 rectly with his foot, while he rolled his cigarette. f 



In French and foreign treatises on anthropology I find 

 Ranke's work, entitled Der Mensch, the only one in which the 

 function of the toes as organs of prehension is mentioned; and 

 the feet of Japanese rope-dancers and jugglers have been exam- 

 ined with reference to this point by Luce. \ But the constant use 



* Sir Richard Wallace says that, with all the savages he ever saw, he never observed 

 movements of opposition. 



f Bulletin de la Society d' Anthropologic, session of the 18th of February, 1875. 



% Travelers have often mentioned similar facts in their narratives. Horsemen in Abys- 

 sinia, according to G. Pouchet, hold the straps of their stirrups between the first and sec- 



