41 6* POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



"Among them, however, are Tutilon, a monk of Saint Gall, . . 

 Hugues, Abbot of Montier-en-Der ; Austee, Abbot of St. Arnulph, . . . 

 Morard, who, with the co-opei^ation of King Robert, rebuilt, toward the 

 end of the tenth century, the old church of St. Germain-des-Pres. at Paris; 

 lastly, Guillaume, Abbot of St. Benignus, at Dijon, who . . . became chief 

 of a school of art," 

 And lie further says: 



" In the diocese of Metz Gontran and Adelard, celebrated Abbots of St. 

 Trudon, covei'ed Hasbaye with new buildings. ' Adelard ' says a chroni- 

 cler ' superintended the construction of fourteen churches.'" 

 This association of functions continued long after. According to 

 Viollet-le-Duc, the religious houses, and especially the abbey of 

 Cluny, during the eleventh and twelfth centuries, furnished most 

 of the architects of Western Europe, who executed not only re- 

 ligious but also civil and perhaps military buildings. 



The differentiation of the architect from the priest is implied 

 in the following further quotation from Lacroix : 



" It was, moreover, at this period [of ti-ansitiou from Norman to Gothic] 

 that architecture, like all the other arts, left the monasteries to pass into 

 the hands of lay architects organized into confraternities." 

 Similar is the statement of Viollet-le-Duc, who, observing that in 

 the thirteenth century the architect appears as an individual, and 

 as a layman, says that about the beginning of it " we see a bishop 

 of Amiens . . . charging a lay architect, Robert le Luzarches, with 

 the building of a great cathedral." A curious evidence of the 

 transition may be added. 



"Raphael, in one of his letters, states that the Pope (Leo X) had ap- 

 pointed an aged friar to assist him in conducting the building of St. 

 Peter's ; and intimates that he expected to learn some ' secrets ' in architec- 

 ture from his experienced colleague." 



Passing to our own country we find Kemble, in The Saxons in 

 England, remarking of the monks that 



..." painting, sculpture, and architecture were made familiar through 

 their efforts, and the best examples of these civilizing arts were furnished 

 by their churches and monasteries." 

 In harmony with this statement is that of Eccleston. 



" To Wilfrid of York and Benedict Biscop, Abbot of Wearmouth in 

 the seventh century, the introduction of an improved style of architecture 

 is due; and under their direction several chm'ches and monasteries were 

 built with unusual splendor." 



And afterward, speaking of the buildings of the Normans and of 

 their designers, he says of the latter 



"Among the foremost appeared the bishops and other ecclesiastics, 

 whose architectural skill was generally not less effective than their well- 

 bestowed riches." 



How the transition from the clerical to the lay architect took 

 place is not shown ; but it is probable that, eventually, the cleri- 

 cal architect limited himself to the general character of the edi- 



