704 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



France, Germany, Holland, and Sweden. Views and plans of many of 

 these buildings are given, which show that in securing convenient interiors 

 neat and attractive exteriors have not been sacrificed. Nearly all of the 

 groups of small houses described have been erected by large commercial 

 corporations for their workpeople. Judging from the number of examples 

 given here, France and Germany seem to lead in this sort of dwellings. In 

 the United States examples are taken fi-om Maine, Massachusetts, Con- 

 necticut, and Illinois. The model lodging houses described are confined to 

 Baltimore and five British cities. The author of this report has given 

 prominence to the financial returns from model houses, being convinced 

 that there can be no permanent solution of the housing problem unless im- 

 proved housing can be shown to pay. Moreover, for the sake of the self- 

 respect in the persons benefited, which a wise philanthropy seeks to build 

 up, such operations should be self-supporting. Model housing has a view 

 to the morals as well as the health of the tenants, aiming to correct the 

 abuse of adults and children of both sexes huddling into the same sleeping 

 rooms. In cities rapid transit has an important influence on the housing 

 problem. For the workingman's purposes space is measured by time, not 

 by distance. Taking into consideration all the agencies that are now oper- 

 ating against unwholesome congestion, the outlook is decidedly hopeful. 



There is much food for thought in the relation between man and the 

 animals that he has trained to his service. The most obvious result of their 

 association with him has been to promote most efficiently his ascendency 

 over the actively hostile or inertly resistant features of his environment. 

 This association, also, has greatly modified the numbers, distribution, and 

 development of the domesticated animals, while the necessity of controlling 

 and caring for his dependents has had its influence upon the intellectual 

 growth of man himself. These considerations and others are suggested in 

 the attractive volume on the Domesticated Animals * recently issued f j'om 

 the press of the Scribners. It is no dry and formal treatise that Prof. 

 Shaler here i^resents, nor yet a string of more or less authentic '" stories 

 about animals." He has pursued a happy mean by giving facts not only in- 

 teresting in themselves but having a bearing also upon those problems of 

 the origin, evolution, and intelligence of animals with which science has 

 long been engaged. The first place in the volume is given to the dog the 

 first of the lower animals to be domesticated. Prof. Shaler discusses the 

 ancestry of domesticated dogs, the variations induced by civilization, the 

 evils of specialized breeding, and the future development of the species. He 

 describes the peculiarities of character exhibited in the principal breeds, 

 and gives considerable attention to canine intelligence, especially with ref- 

 erence to the expression of emotions. The intelligence of dogs is also com- 

 pared with that of other animals, and it is only in this comparison that cats 

 figure in the book. The horse is described in much the same way as the 

 dog. Briefer consideration is given to the beasts for burden, food, and rai- 

 ment, among which camels, elephants, and pigs are included with the com- 

 moner kinds. There is an interesting chapter on barnyard and water 

 fowl, pigeons, song birds, and falcons; the few useful insects are also duly 



Domesticated Animals. By Nathaniel Southgate Shaler. Pp. 267, 8vo. New York : Charles 

 Scribner'8 Sons. Price, $2.50. 



