UTILITARIAN SCIENCE. 85 



tions, thoroughly trained theoretically without any so-called practical 

 knowledge unless this knowledge has heen gained by employment in 

 actual works.' 



On the pay-roll of this English firm I find that five men receive 

 salaries of more than $20,000. All these are graduates of technical 

 departments of American universities. Seventeen receive from $6,000 

 to $20,000. Nine of these were trained in American universities, one 

 in Australia and two in England, while five have risen from the ranks. 



In the lower positions, most have been trained in Australia, a few 

 in England, while in positions bearing a salary of less than $2,500, most 

 have risen from the ranks. 



" Given men of equal qualifications," says the director of this firm, 

 " the man of technical training is bound to rise to the higher position 

 because of his greater value to his employer. As a rule, also, men who 

 have been technically trained are, by virtue of their education, men 

 who are endowed with a professional feeling which does not to the same 

 extent exist among those men who have risen from the rank and file. 

 They are therefore more trustworthy and especially in mining work, 

 where premium for dishonesty exists, for this qualification alone they 

 are bound to have precedence. We do not by any means wish to dis- 

 parage the qualifications of many men who have risen from the ranks 

 to eminent positions, but our opinion may be concentrated in the state- 

 ment that even these men would be better men had they received a thor- 

 ough technical training." 



The progress of chemical engineering is parallel with that in other 

 departments of technology. Yet the appreciation of the value of theo- 

 retical training is somewhat less marked, and in this regard our man- 

 ufacturers seem distinctly behind those of Germany. 



" The development of chemical industries in the past history of the 

 United States," says a correspondent, " was seriously delayed by the 

 usually superficial and narrow training of the chemist in the colleges. 

 Thus managers and proprietors came to undervalue the importance of 

 chemical knowledge. The greatest need at present in the development 

 of chemical industries is an adequate supply of chemists of thorough 

 training to teach manufacturers the importance in their business of 

 adequate chemical knowledge. Epoch-making advances in chemical 

 industry will spring from the brain of great chemists, and to ensure 

 the production of a few of these, the country must expect to seed lav- 

 ishly and to fertilize generously the soil from which they spring. Ger- 

 many has learned the lesson well: other nations can not long delay." 



In the vast range of the applications of science to agriculture, the 

 same general statements hold good. There is, however, no such gen- 

 eral appreciation of the value of training as appears in relation to the 

 various branches of training, and the men of scientific education are 

 mostly absorbed in the many ramifications of the Department of Agri- 

 culture and in the state agricultural colleges and experiment stations. 



