CONGRESS OF ARTS AND SCIENCE. 25 



state geologist, acting as secretary, was notable for its excellent address 

 by Dr. A. Smith Woodward. F.R.S., the eminent systematic paleontolo- 

 gist of the British Museum of Natural History, and Professor Henry 

 F. Osborn, of Columbia University and the American Museum of Nat- 

 ural History, together with the discussion which followed, of unusual 

 interest, not only to paleontologists, but to geologists as well. Stu- 

 dents of petrology and mineralogy heard Zirkel, of Leipzig, while those 

 of physiography listened to Penck, of Vienna. The section of ocean- 

 ography, manned by Rear-Admiral John E. Bartlett, U. S. X., in the 

 chair, had the course of its deliberations directed by no less distin- 

 guished an explorer of the deep sea than Sir John Murray, K.C.B.. of 

 Edinburgh, aided by the eminent Professor K. Mitsukuri, of Tokio. a 

 zoologist celebrated for his embryological researches and his knowl- 

 edge of marine life in eastern waters. 



The section of cosmical physics was another remarkable for the 

 ideals of synthesis and the spirit of cooperation which pervaded it. 

 In an address as bold as it was original Arrhenius proposed a theory 

 of the possible connection between phenomena the most diverse and 

 separated by exceedingly great distances, thus, e. g.. raising meteorol- 

 ogy to the dignity of a cosmic science. Negatively charged electric 

 corpuscles pass off from the sun and penetrate our atmosphere, pro- 

 ducing its negative electricity, forming nuclei for the condensation of 

 moisture, and so on. in intricate detail ! Such students of meteorology 

 and terrestrial magnetism as Drs. Eotch and Clayton, of the Blue Hill 

 Observatory, and Dr. L. A. Bauer, of Washington, participated. 



The biological sections were addressed by such, eminent botanists 

 from abroad as De Tries, of Amsterdam ; Bower of Glasgow ; Goebel, of 

 Munich; Wiesner, of Vienna; and Drude, of Dresden; and by such 

 representative zoologists as Giard, of Paris; Oskar Hertwig, of Berlin, 

 recently made rector magnificus of the university; Delage, of Paris; 

 Waldeyer, of Berlin; and Verworn, of Gottingen. Among the Amer- 

 icans who took part either as chairmen or speakers were Trelease and 

 Bessey, Whitman. Brooks and Davenport, Meltzer, Howell and Theobald 

 Smith. The section around which most interest centered was naturallv 

 that of phytogeny, presided over by T. H. Morgan, of Columbia, and ad- 

 dressed by De Vries and Whitman, one a botanist, the other a zoologist, 

 both in the true sense biologists, who have directly investigated the prob- 

 lems of phylogeny and evolution by observation and experiment. De 

 Tries, who has been in America since last spring, is professor in the Uni- 

 versity and director of the botanical gardens at Amsterdam, and eminent 

 for a remarkable series of researches, experimental and theoretical, 

 touching problems in physical chemistry and plant physiology, in the 

 theory of heredity, and especially in the new experimental science of 

 evolution. In the last named field De Tries has accomplished results 

 which will make an epoch, at once demonstrating the fundamental 

 thesis of Darwin, and supplementing the principles of Darwinism. 



