THE PROGRESS OF SCIENCE. 



191 



each individual's experience. The mind 

 is a tabula rasa, a perfect blank, to 

 start with. Experience is, however, 

 of two kinds, viz, ' sensation,' whereby 

 ideas of the qualities of external ob- 

 jects are acquired, and ' reflection,' 

 whereby the mind becomes aware of its 

 own operations, i. c, acquires ideas of 

 them. But the mind is marvelously 

 capable of transforming the ideas 

 which experience supplies to it by 

 combining the ' simple ideas,' which are 

 the ultimate data of experience, into 

 'complex ideas,' by discriminating 

 simple components in complex experi- 

 ences, by comparison, abstraction, etc. 

 Locke's psychology, which is subserv- 

 ient to his avowed purpose of discov- 

 ering the origin and limits of knowl- 

 edge, is rationally one-sided, and is 

 now largely obsolete, but he abounds 

 in observations and analyses of per- 

 manent value. He was the first to 

 speak of the ' association of ideas,' 

 although he made no general use of the 

 conception. 



Locke's views on education power- 

 fully influenced Rousseau. Education 

 has for its aim the development of 

 ' a sound mind in a sound body.' 

 Physical education is of prime im- 

 portance, and should consist in a 

 process of hardening the body to en- 

 durance, special attention being paid 

 to exercise, fresh air, sleep, diet, cloth- 

 ing and the like. Intellectual and 

 moral education should aim at the 

 development of a virtuous character, 

 a self-respecting and self-supporting 

 English gentleman, wherefore sound 

 morals, good manners and skill in 

 some trade or handicraft were regarded 

 as essential, and given a place above 

 mere learning. Locke thought the 

 schools of the time unfitted to provide 

 this training, and recommended private 

 tutorial instruction. The studies 

 should be useful, should appeal to the 

 natural interest and aptitude of the 

 pupil, and in matters of morality the 

 child's sense of honor should be relied 

 upon, corporal punishment giving place 

 to moral suasion. 



Influential as a moralist, an econom- 

 ist, and the leader in many public re- 

 forms, Locke was preeminently a de- 

 fender and expositor of liberty. In a 

 time of religious bigotry he wrought 

 famously and well for toleration, and 

 his name will be forever enshrined in 

 those doctrines of civil rights which 

 molded the public sentiment that gave 

 birth to the United States. Before 

 Jefferson drafted the Declaration of In- 

 dependence, Locke had declared that 

 ' all men are naturally in a state of 

 freedom, also of equality.' 



Locke has been rightly called the 

 ' intellectual ruler of the eighteenth 

 century,' and while it would not be 

 safe to say that he is the greatest of 

 English philosophers, he is certainly 

 the most characteristically English, 

 and probably the most widely influen- 

 tial. 



THE MONUMENT OF PASTEUR AT 

 PARIS. 



In France scientific men are not 

 without honor in their own country. 

 It is probable that the conditions are 

 more satisfactory here, where scien- 

 tific work is adequately supported both 

 by the state and by private endow- 

 ments, although the scientific worker 

 is likely to be unknown outside his own 

 circle. But reputation and fame have 

 so long been regarded as the rewards 

 of certain kinds of service that the 

 homage paid in France to a man such 

 as Pasteur may attract young men to 

 a scientific career, even though it may 

 not be a very important factor in stim- 

 ulating their subsequent work. Monu- 

 ments in memory of Pasteur have been 

 erected in various parts of France. At 

 Dole, where he was born; at Arbois, 

 where he lived as a child; at Marnes- 

 la-Coquette and Vaucresson, where he 

 lived in later years; at Besangon, Lille 

 and Alais, whose silk- worm industries 

 he saved; at Melun and Chartres, where 

 he performed the same service for the 

 cattle and sheep. 



Pasteur's chief monument is indeed 

 the Institute Pasteur, erected and en- 



